• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2014

In this study, we investigated the production process and the chemical composition of saccharogenic mixed grain beverages (SMGBs). Various SMGBs were prepared through saccharification with Aspergillus (A.) oryzae CF1003 (A), A. acidus KACC46420 (B), Rhizopus (R.) delemar KACC46149 (C), R. oryzae KACC45714 (D), R. oryzae KACC46148 (E), A~E mixed strains (F), A. oryzae CF1001 (G), A. acidus CF1005 (H) and A+H mixed strains (I)-starter at $53^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The saccharogenic power of the strains was higher in samples F and G. The soluble solid ($^{\circ}Brix$) of SMGBs were the highest in Sample C. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash content of various SMGBs showed a range of 77.9~80.7%, 3.7~7.5%, 0.37~0.97% and 1.81~7.47%, respectively. The viscosity of various SMGBs were in the range of 60~528. Further, free amino acid contents of SMGBs were in the range of 347~1,352 ${\mu}g/$ 100 g, respectively. From these results, we could secure the possibility and basic information for the development of SMGBs products. For future studies, we need to improve the taste and functionality of the products.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.132-145
• /
• 1998

The coal-bearing siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Permian Jangseong Formation, Samcheog coalfield, represent a megacyclothem which shows cyclic repetitions of sandstone, shale, coaly shale, and coals. Petrographic, geochemical, and SEM studies for sandstone samples, and XRD analysis for clay minerals were carried out to understand diagenesis in the sandstones of the Jangseong Formation. The Jangseong sandstones are composed of 60% quartz (mainly monocrystalline quartz) and 36% clay matrix and cement with minor amounts of feldspar, lithic fragments and accessory minerals (less than 4%). Jangseong sandstones are classified mostly as quartzwackes and partly as lithic graywackes according to the scheme of Dott(1964). The textural relationships between authigenic minerals and cements in thin sections and SEM photomicrographs suggest the paragenetic sequence as follows; (1) mechanical compaction, (2) cementation by quartz overgrowth, (3) formation of authigenic clay minerals (illite, kaolinite), (4) dissolution of framework grains and development of secondary porosity, and (5) later-stage pore-filling by pyrophyllite. We propose that these diagenetic processes might be due to organic-inorganic interaction between the dominant framework grains and the formation water. The Al, Si ions and organic acid, derived from dewatering of interbedded organic-rich shale and coals, were transported into the Jangseong sandstones. This caused changes in the chemistry of the formation water of the sandstones, and resulted in overgrowth of quartz and precipitation of authigenic clay minerals of kaolinite and illite. The secondary pores, produced during dissolution of clay and framework grains by organic acid and $CO_2$ gas, were conduit for silica-rich solution into the Jangseong sandstones and the influx of silica-rich solution produced the late-stage pyrophyllite after the expanse of kaolinite. The origin of the solution that formed pyrophyllite is not likely to be the organic-rich formation water based on the observation of fracture-filling pyrophyllite in the Jangseong sandstones, but the process of pyrophyllite pore-filling was indirectly related to organic-inorganic interaction.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.248-254
• /
• 2012

BACKGROUND: In order to elucidate residual characteristics of difenoconazole and thiamethoxam by treatment to sweet persimmons for one year and to generate the data for the maximum residue limit (MRL) establishment for those pesticides in or on sweet persimmon. METHODS AND RESULTS: Systemic fungicide difenoconazole WP (10% a.i.) and systemic insecticide thiamethoxam WG (10% a.i.) were sprayed onto 12~25-years-old sweet persimmons according to its preharvest interval (PHI), respectively, and then fresh sweet persimmons were harvested at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 days after treatment from pesticide-sprayed plots at each 3 sites. The analytical methods were evaluated to limit of quantification, linearity, specificity, reproducibility and recoveries. The crop samples were extracted with acetone and performed dichloromethane partition process. The extracted samples of difenoconazole were analyzed by GC-ECD and the thiamethoxam extracted samples were analyzed by HPLC with good sensitivity and selectivity of the method. The average recoveries of difenoconazole ranged from 87.5 to 99.5% with the percentage of coefficient variation in the range 4.1~7.6% at three different spiking levels(0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg). And the average recoveries of thiamethoxam and clothianidin ranged from 88.8 to 98.9% and 83.2 to 96.6% with the percentage of coefficient variation in the range 3.6~5.0% and 3.8~9.4% at three different spiking levels(0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/kg), respectively. The residue amounts ranges of difenoconazole were 0.2~0.56 mg/kg and the residue amount was decreased below the MRL level, 1.0 mg/kg, after 1 day harvest. The residue amounts ranges of thiamethoxam were 0.08~0.28 mg/kg and the residue amount was decreased below the MRL level, 0.5 mg/kg, after 1 day harvest. And the residue amount of clothianidin was below then 0.03 mg/kg for only one test site of 14 and 28 day samples. CONCLUSION: As a result, the residual amounts of difenoconazole and thiamethoxam were not exceeded the MRL of established criteria for sweet persimmon. The biological half-lives of difenoconazole and thiamethoxam were 13.6, 19.4, 16.3 and 10.0, 15.3, 14.0 days at each three test sites, respectively.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2010

This study is about what process and methodology could make UI designer be able to achieve the interface which considers user's mental model through implementing corporate line-up model, when people design an interface between product of multi-function printer and user. The most important concern of UI designers who are dealing with an interface between product and user is how they can make product system image match user's mental model so that users can utilize products without any confusion and discomfort. If concept model which designers bring up and mental model which users expect and recognize could be of one accord, then users can feel ease of use toward products. The understanding and observation for user behavior and use pattern is prerequisite to develop user-centered interface between product and user. However, UI designers do design interface from their own perspective and assumption in many business areas, and users do not react as designers assumed and intended in many cases or examples. This study is to find inappropriate system images against users' mental model on basic function of multi-function printer, and the relationship of system image and user's mental model is diagramed to build up a hypothesis. The hypothesis from this study is validated through evaluation of domestic and international users. In addition, two suggestions to improve usability problems revealed from user test are proposed. The optimal solution is designed based on the result of user evaluation and consideration of many user environments, and then it is implemented to line-up product. In conclusion, this study considers how UI designers can create system image which is close to user's mental model.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2010

Purpose : Recently, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have become one of the major nosocomial pathogens in Korea. However, there have been few studies on the epidemiology of VRE colonization among neonates. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of VRE colonization, risk factors for VRE, and how to control the spread of VRE infection in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Pusan National University Hospital (PNUH). Methods : We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 192 neonates who were admitted to the NICU of PNUH from March 2006 to March 2007. Surveillance cultures from rectal swabs for detecting VRE were obtained weekly during the study period. We analyzed the prevalence of VRE and various risk factors. Results : The rate of VRE colonization among NICU patients was 25% (48/192). Thirty five of these VRE colonized patients were transferred to the NICU from other local hospitals. Compared with the non-VRE group, the risk factors associated with VRE colonization were lower birth weight, congenital heart disease, applied mechanical ventilation, use of a central venous catheter, chest tubing, a history of surgery, and use of antibiotics. Conclusion : VRE colonization among patients admitted to the NICU is rapidly increasing. Monitoring and managing premature neonates from the beginning of the birth process, avoiding many invasive procedures, avoiding antibiotics such as vancomycin and third generation cephalosporin are important for preventing the emergence and spread of VRE colonization in the NICU.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.22 no.7 s.78
• /
• pp.119-129
• /
• 2004

This paper is designed to report the results of development and validation procedures in relation to the Freeway Incident Management System (FIMS) prototype development as part of Intelligent Transportation Systems Research and Development program. The central core of the FIMS is an integration of the component parts and the modular, but the integrated system for freeway management. The whole approach has been component-orientated, with a secondary emphasis being placed on the traffic characteristics at the sites. The first action taken during the development process was the selection of the required data for each components within the existing infrastructure of Korean freeway system. After through review and analysis of vehicle detection data, the pilot site led to the utilization of different technologies in relation to the specific needs and character of the implementation. This meant that the existing system was tested in a different configuration at different sections of freeway, thereby increasing the validity and scope of the overall findings. The incident detection module has been performed according to predefined system validation specifications. The system validation specifications have identified two component data collection and analysis patterns which were outlined in the validation specifications; the on-line and off-line testing procedural frameworks. The off-line testing was achieved using asynchronous analysis, commonly in conjunction with simulation of device input data to take full advantage of the opportunity to test and calibrate the incident detection algorithms focused on APID, DES, DELOS and McMaster. The simulation was done with the use of synchronous analysis, thereby providing a means for testing the incident detection module.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2009

Reduction of groundwater surface tension prior to air sparging (SEAS, surfactant-enhanced air sparging) was known to increase air saturation in the aquifer under influence, possibly enhancing the removal rates of volatile contaminants. Although SEAS was known to be efficient for increasing air saturation, little information is available for different hydrogeological settings including soil particle sizes and the depth of aquifer. We investigated water saturations in the sparging influence zone during SEAS using one-dimensional column packed with sands of different particle sizes and different aquifer depths. An anionic surfactant was used to suppress the surface tension of water. Two different sands were used; the air entry pressures of the sands were measured to be $15.0\;cmH_2O$, and $36.3\;cmH_2O$, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the water saturation-surface tension relationship for sands with different particle sizes. As the surface tension decreased, the water saturation decreased to a lowest point and then it increased with further decrease in the surface tension. Both sands reached their lowest water saturations when the surface tension was set approximately at 42 dyne/cm. SEAS was conducted at three different aquifer depths; 41 cm, 81 cm, and 160 cm. Water saturation-surface tension relationship was consistent regardless of the aquifer depth. The size of sparging influence zone during SEAS, measured using two-dimensional model, was found to be similar to the changes in air saturation, measured using one-dimensional model. Considering diverse hydrogeological settings where SEAS to be applied, the results here may provide useful information for designing SEAS process.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• no.11
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 1970

This experiment is to investigate the influence on business by varying the scouring condition of raw silk. The conditions of experiment are changed by temperature, time concentration and scouring reagent as well as the pH value of scouring solution, involving the repeat number of treatment in the same reagent solution. The results are as follows. 1) The shorter the scouring time, the more lousiness showed on law silk. The difference of lousiness quantity are especially remarkable between 30 min. and 60min, while the appearance of lousiness is slight between 50min. and 90min. 2) The lousiness shape was just like splited end and short wool fiber type during than 60 min. scouring, and splited end and long wool fiber type was appeared during 120 min. scouring. 3) The seperation of threads on silk panel was difficult with undissolved sericin in case of lower than 90$^{\circ}C$ of scouring temperature, so that it was almost impossible to inspect lousiness. 4) In case of repeating one after another scouring in the same solution, the more number of treatment, the less sho wed lousiness. Little difference were appeared in the quantity of lousiness from first to eighth repeated scouring, while large difference of quantity was appeared between 8th and 9th repeated scouring. 5) The quantity of lousiness was also increased until scouring reagent (Marseilles soap) is added to 0.75％, but rather decreased with more than 0.75％ of soap. The most variety of lousiness quantity was occured when the concentration of soap is changed from 0.15％ to 0.20％. 6) The peculiarities of lousiness shape by the concentration of scouring reagent were as followings; most of lousiness are splited end short wool fiber type with lower wool fiber type with higher than 0.75％, and the mixture of both the former and the latter with 0.5％ concentration. 7) The quantity of lousiness by the kind of scouring reagent was the least with 5％ of Na$_2$CO$_3$ solution, and the most with the mixture of 0.25％ Marseilles soap and 0.25％ Na$_2$CO$_3$. 8) The more increased pH value, the more lousiness showed. The peculiarities of lousiness shape was the splited end and short wool fiber type, and the end and long wool fiber type with higher value of pH 11 because of the decreased strength of threads and the cutting of brin. 9) With the discussions mentioned the above, the scouring conditions to decrease the lousiness quantity are summarized as follows. (1) It is better to take the possible long time of scouring. (2) Temperature should be kept higher than 95$^{\circ}C$ for complete scouring. (3) It was the best to use 0.5％ of Marseiles soap as scouring reagent. (4) No good results were produced by using the mixture of scouring reagent. (5) The best pH range of scouring solution was 9.5 to 10.5.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.23 no.3 s.99
• /
• pp.354-362
• /
• 2007

This study focused on the efficiency of Jeung-Pyun by examining its physical and chemical characteristics based on dough made with milk additions of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g, in order to complement Jeung-Pyun's insufficient protein with respect to sitology, and its fermentation process. Moisture contents were approximately 50%, and there were no significant differences between the samples. The protein, fat, and ash contents of the groups with added milk were more than those of the control group, and the greater the addition of milk the more the levels increased. Therefore, the 20 g addition showed the highest values. The pH of the Jeung-Pyun dough was near 4.09${\sim}$5.15 just after mixing, and as fermentation time increased, the pH decreased significantly in all the sample groups (p<.001). The pH of the Jeung-Pyun ranged from 4.12 to 4.40 and had a tendency to increase. The volume of the Jeung-Pyun dough increased as fermentation time increased, and the groups with added milk had larger volumes than the group with no milk added. Also, the greater the addition of milk the more the volume tended to show a significant increase (p<.001). At eight hours of fermentation time, the group with 10 g of added milk showed a 1.31-fold increase in volume compared to the control, and milk additions of 15 and 20 g resulted in decreased volume by a depression phenomenon. For the volume of the Jeung-Pyun, the addition of milk caused significant increases (p<.001) compared to the control, and the group with the 10 g addition of milk showed the highest volume. As the amount of added milk increased, the more the volume decreased as a whole. With regards to the swelling degree of the Jeung-Pyun the groups with added milk had greater swelling than the control, but there were no significant differences. The group that had 10 g of milk added showed the highest value.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.253-262
• /
• 2016

This paper proposes a balance-swap method for the dynamic economic load dispatch problem. Based on the premise that all generators shall be operated at valve-points, the proposed algorithm initially sets the maximum generation power at $P_i{\leftarrow}P_i^{max}$. As for generator i with $_{max}c_i$, which is the maximum operating cost $c_i=\frac{F(P_i)-F(P_{iv_k})}{(P_i-P_{iv_k})}$ produced when the generation power of each generator is reduced to the valve-point $v_k$, the algorithm reduces i's generation power down to $P_{iv_k}$, the valve-point operating cost. When ${\Sigma}P_i-P_d$ > 0, it reduces the generation power of a generator with $_{max}c_i$ of $c_i=F(P_i)-F(P_i-1)$ to $P_i{\leftarrow}P_i-1$ so as to restore the equilibrium ${\Sigma}P_i=P_d$. The algorithm subsequently optimizes by employing an adult-step method in which power in the range of $_{min}\{_{max}(P_i-P_i^{min}),\;_{max}(P_i^{max}-P_i)\}$>${\alpha}{\geq}10$ is reduced by 10; a baby step method in which power in the range of 10>${\alpha}{\geq}1$ is reduced by 1; and a swap method for $_{max}[F(P_i)-F(P_i-{\alpha})]$>$_{min}[F(P_j+{\alpha})-F(P_j)]$, $i{\neq}j$ of $P_i=P_i{\pm}{\alpha}$, in which power is swapped to $P_i=P_i-{\alpha}$, $P_j=P_j+{\alpha}$. It finally executes minute swap process for ${\alpha}=\text{0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001}$. When applied to various experimental cases of the dynamic economic load dispatch problems, the proposed algorithm has proved to maximize economic benefits by significantly reducing the optimal operating cost of the extant Heuristic algorithm.