• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.31
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• pp.237-269
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• 2018

This study aims to look into Daesoon Thought from the perspective of Neo-Confucianism. Numinous emptiness (虛靈), wise-awakening (知覺), and divine beings (神明) in the Scripture of the Black Tortoise (Hyeonmu-gyeong) are often mentioned as characteristics of the mind in Neo-Confucianism. Accordingly, this research take up the 'Che-Yong (substance, 體 and function, 用)' of mind by classifying numinous emptiness as Origin-Substance (本體), wise-awaking as function, and divine beings as subjects. Numinous emptiness enables an individual to have been born with Li (理) of Taegeuk (太極), which is a mandate from Heaven and the nature of humanity; whereas one embodies spirit and brightness mind based on Origin-Substance. This numinous emptiness of mind is precisely the mind-spirit. Wise-awakening is a function of mind, which actually awakens numinous emptiness (理) and objects (氣). The mind which realizes the Li of Taegeuk as numinous emptiness is conscientiousness and can be taken as a Dao-Mind. The mind which desires objects refers to the Human Mind or a selfish motive. Such propensity in terms of wise-awakening determines the state of mind. One should reach the state of a quiet mind by wisely awakening through the scripture. Divine beings correspond to metaphysical Origin-Substance and physical objects respectively. In addition, they comprehend all and preside over wise-awakening as subjects. The subject recognizes wise-awakening and responds to it. Mind is a path traveled upon by divine beings as they enter and exit. In this regard, the human mind refers to the organ used by immanent deities, which accumulates physical senses, innermost mental processes, and awakened activities. Furthermore, Transcendental deities also come in and out through mental correspondence, leading to changes in one's physical constitution or personality. This paper focuses on the mind perceived in Daesoon Thought as follows: first, besides the existing spiritual perspective, the research takes a view on surveying numinous emptiness, wise-awakening, and divine beings in Neo-Confucianism. Secondly, the Che-Yong of mind is closely looked into by means of innate numinous emptiness as Che and wise-awakening as Yong. Lastly, the essence, energy, and divinity as well as spiritual soul and physical soul are mentioned according to the concept of an immanent deity. The paper also clarifies the fact that divine beings preside over the mind as subjects.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.33
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• pp.63-90
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• 2019

In pluralistic political realities that have been exposed as antagonistic relationships between self and others, the principle of 'Coincidentia Oppositorum' in Daesoon Thought emphasizes the complementarity between self and others and presents us with a new form of cognition and attitude which can overcome pluralistic political realities. Though solipsism that objectificates others on the basis of the self, the principle of 'Coincidentia Oppositorum' presents us a new form of cognition and attitude with which we can approach others. The principle of 'Coincidentia Oppositorum' is based on the logic that we can secure and extend ourselves only in relation between self and others. Self is not fully formed or perfected without others. Previous discussions on the principle of 'Coincidentia Oppositorum' as it is exists within Daesoon Thought have been limited to Eastern Philosophy. On one hand, this inclination may be due to a narrow understanding of Western Philosophy. The flow of Modern Western Philosophy can at times be a self-reflective output for solipsism. On the other hand, the understanding of the principle of 'Coincidentia Oppositorum in context of a dualistic contrast between Eastern Philosophy and Western Philosophy is not concordant with the principle of 'Coincidentia Oppositorum' which emphasizes the creation of harmony between self and others. This paper aims to investigate avenues to create harmony between Eastern Philosophy and Western Philosophy regarding the principle of 'Coincidentia Oppositorum' in Daesoon Thought. Specifically, attention will be paid to 'flesh' as used by Merleau-Ponty. In his writings, flesh is the matrix which activates the fundamental involvement between self and others. Self is a being of flesh and an ambiguous being which is formed in a double position (seeing and being seen). Flesh can secure and extend the self only through its relationship to an other or multiple others. Restoring the other that has been excluded from modern Western Philosophy, Merleau-Ponty's flesh call for contemplation into the meaning of the other and of otherness.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.32
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• pp.175-199
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• 2019

This paper aims to define Kang Jeungsan's Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth through the Hegelian concept of 'labor (arbeit),' which is the fundamental medium in which humans substantialize their own absoluteness in an existentialist context. The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth performed by Jeungsan enabled Heaven, Earth, and Humanity to communicate with each other through the harmony of Sangsaeng (Mutual Beneficence). As Hegel found the possibility of freedom and emancipation of human subjects through labor and Jeungsan exercised His will to free and emancipate human beings, comparative thinkers are led to recognize a relationship between His Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth and the Hegelian concept of labor. The key point of this paper centers around articulating the meaning of the precise situation wherein labor occurs for the Supreme Being. Labor is a concept that occurs for real-live humans. Human beings can be said to exist between the ideological world and the natural world, or between Heaven and Earth, and this dichotomy creates a specific product given the interplay of infinitude and finitude that it entails. In other words, labor is not a passive deployment but is instead a subjective development. From the point wherein this labor occurs for the Supreme Being, a paradigm shift towards unity begins throughout the universe. The occurrence of God's labor happens at a time of great transformation. These occurrences of God's labor form the communication among Heaven, Earth and Humanity and form a qualitative equality. In other words, the fact that God is far from the world of ideology and has come into the world of finitude means that God conveys His absoluteness to the world of finitude. Therefore, the work of God on Earth builds the world of Heaven on Earth. This can also be seen as the Sangsaeng of Heaven, Earth and Humanity.

• Korean Journal of Forensic Psychology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-33
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• 2021

In this study, we analyzed the difference in survival rates of those subject to electronic supervision of sex crimes based on the tracking of the period of recidivism and whether they were recidivism, and wanted to confirm the ability of the criminal record to predict recidivism. The criteria for recidivism were defined as cases where a conviction was confirmed due to a criminal case that occurred during the execution of electronic monitoring, and the date of recidivism was the date of occurrence of a case that was confirmed guilty. A total of 122 re-offenders were used in the analysis, and all of them were charged with electronic supervision for committing sex crimes. Studies have confirmed that the subjects commit the most recidivism within three years. In addition, in this study, the difference in survival rate between groups was analyzed after classifying mixed and sex recidivism cases. The number of members was 88 for the mixed recidivism group and 34 for the sex recidivism group. The analysis confirmed that both groups had the most recidivism within three years. There was a slight difference between the survival rate of the mixed recidivism group and the survival rate of the sex recidivism group. So the Log Rank Test and the Generalized Wilcoxon Test were conducted, but no statistically significant differences were identified(Wilcoxon statistic = 2.326, df = 1, p = .13, Log Rank = 1.345, df = 1, p = .25). Next, a Cox Regression analysis was performed to confirm the ability of the criminal record to predict recidivism. As a result, the number of criminal records(sex offense, violent crime) have been confirmed to be a good predictor of recidivism(X²=27.33, df=1, p< .001). As a result, the recidivism rate is gradually decreasing due to the implementation of the electronic monitoring. However, the duration of recidivism required by sex offenders in high-risk groups was found to be rather short. Currently, security measures against felons are being strengthened, so it is necessary to select high-risk groups. Therefore, based on the related studies, the characteristics of high-risk groups and the results of recidivism studies will be used as a basis for disposal within the criminal justice system, which will play a major role in granting objectivity.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 2020

Recent discussions about a minimum wage increase (MWI) and its influence on the economy have mainly focused on the quantitative aspects, such as labor costs and employment. However, concerning the qualitative aspects, an MWI could have positive effects by enhancing firm productivity and crowding out marginal firms from the market. These positive effects of an MWI can offset, to some extent, its potential negative effects - increasing labor costs and decreasing employment, among others. In this regard we empirically examine the impact of an MWI on firm productivity (total factor productivity). Using firm level panel data from the manufacturing industry in Korea, we calculate the influence rates of a minimum wage by sector and by firm size (number of workers), and analyze its effects on firm productivity. In particular, the production functions of the firms are estimated by taking into account endogeneity among the input factors, in order to resolve the drawbacks of existing studies - underestimating the capital factor coefficient and overestimating the labor factor coefficient. This study finds that the influences of an MWI on wages, employment, and productivity are substantially different across sectors and firm sizes. While an MWI has shown to have positive influences on productivity growth in the manufacturing industry as a whole, each sector demonstrates a different direction of effect, and the degree of productivity change also varies by sector. The impacts of an MWI on firm productivity are generally estimated to be more negative for smaller firms, but in some sectors the effects are found to be positive. In addition, the wage increases resulting from an MWI seem to cause a productivity enhancement across all sectors in the manufacturing industry. The policy implications of this study are as follows. Considering the empirical findings that an MWI causes an increase in productivity in many sectors of the manufacturing industry, it would be desirable to take into consideration not only the negative side effects but also the positive effects of an MWI when designing any future minimum wage policy. Moreover, in spite of there being a uniform minimum wage, this study finds that the diverse influence rates of a minimum wage across firms have different impacts on wages, employment, and productivity across sectors or firm size. This finding could be conducive to discussions about differentiation among minimum wage schemes by sector or firm size.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2008

This research was conducted to determine the alternative tool of chemical spray for rice cultivation using the unmanned helicopter(Yamaha, R-Max Type 2G-remote controlled system) at farmer's field in Korea. The unmanned helicopter tested was introduced form Japan. In Korea the application of chemicals by machine sprayer for pest management in rice cultivation has been ordinarily used at the farmer's level. However, it involved a relatively high cost and laborious for the small scale of cultivation per farm household. Farm population has been highly decreased to 7.5% in 2002 and the population is expected to rapidly reduce by 3.5% in 2012. In Japan, pest control depending on unmanned helicopter has been increased by leaps and bounds. This was due in part to the materialization of the low-cost production technology under agricultural policy and demand environmentally friendly farm products. The practicability of the unmanned helicopter in terms of super efficiency and effectiveness has been proven, and the farmers have understood that the unmanned helicopter is indispensable in the future farming system that they visualized. Also, the unmanned helicopter has been applied to rice, wheat, soybean, vegetables, fruit trees, pine trees for spraying chemicals and/or fertilizers in Japan Effect of disease control by unmanned helicopter was partially approved against rice blast and sheath blight. However, the result was not satisfactory due to the weather conditions and cultural practices. The spray density was also determined in this experiment at 0, 15, 30, and 60cm height from the paddy soil surface and there was 968 spots at 0cm, 1,560 spots at 15cm, 1,923 spots at 30cm, and 2,999 spots at 60cm height. However, no significant difference was found among the treatments. At the same time, there was no phytotoxicity observed under the chemical stray using this unmanned helicopter, nor the rice plant itself was damaged by the wind during the operation.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.42
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• pp.233-256
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• 2021

The purpose of this article is to understand the characteristics and meanings of the Hwanghae-do Gutchum, or shamanic ritual dance. First, the characteristics of the Hwanghae-do Gutchum are summarized as follows. The regular dances that appear in all pieces of Gutgeori or the tune of Gut of the Hwanghae-do Gutchum feature Geosangchum, followed by domu and heojeonmu in the sequential order. The accompaniment rhythms are Geosang rhythm, Chum rhythm, and Yeonpung rhythm. The dance featuring mugu, or shaman implements held on shaman's hand as part of the Hwanghae-do Gutchum, which symbolizes the characteristics of deities, is the same as domu aligned with the dance rhythm and the whirling dance aligned with the Yeonpung rhythm. The name of mugu, mubok (shaman clothing) and/or deities may be used as the name of Gutchum but there is no originality of Gutchum. The Beokgu Chum and Samhyeon Chum as part of the Hwanghae-do Gutchum use Beockgu Jangdan and Samhyeon Jangdan, which deserves to have their originality acknowledged. Hwanghae-do Gutchum is closely related to the rhythm. The harmony of janggu player and a female shaman is essential in practicing the Hwanghae-do Gut. If a janggu player fails to perform to properly support the gut practice of a female shaman, the shaman is not able to proceed with a smooth practice and causes confusion. On the other hand, if the gut performance of a female shaman fails to catch up with the performance of janggu, the gut becomes plain and simple at best. Janggu is the single most important element that determines the success or failure of the Hwanghae-do Gutchum. A female shaman takes the harmony and collaboration with a janggu player so seriously that she is willing to reschedule the practice of gut if its schedule does not match that of the janggu player. The Hwanghae-do Gutchum is largely dependent on gyeolrye. However, the difference between the chum and the rhythm caused by gyeolrye has disappeared due to the intangible cultural assets. That is, designating an intangible cultural asset has resulted in eliminating all distinctive characteristics of Hwanghae-do Gutchum. With the distinction of gyeolrye becoming vague, they have lost interest in the genealogy of gut they have learned. It is no longer gyeolrye but the intangible cultural property system that serves as an important factor to distinguish chums.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.42
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• pp.77-106
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• 2021

The history of The Korean Buddhist music dates back to as early as the 2nd year of Goguryeo King Sosoorim's reign (372) when Buddhism was introduced to the land for the first time and should cover the entire development to this date, which spans over 1,600 years. The extensive scope of research is overwhelming and research efforts are limited at best. Against this backdrop, this study aims to examine how the historical development of The Korean Buddhist music has unfolded over such a long period of time and to understand how the Buddhist music is supposed to further develop in this land in and after the 21st century. Since the Three Kingdoms period, followed by Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty period, Japanese colonial period, and to this date, the history of the Buddhist music has unfolded in line with the 'ups and downs of the history of Buddhism'. The Buddhist music is characterized by various development paths based on historical peculiarities over different periods, including protection by the royal family during the Three Kingdoms period, aspect of Buddhist music during the Goryeo Dynasty period, policy to worship Confucianism and suppress Buddhism during the Joseon Dynasty period, harsh repression of Buddhism during the Japanese colonial period, and the present Buddhist music seeking new ways of proliferating Buddhism among the public, which requires an effort to understand the different characteristics of different periods by identifying key perspectives and tasks of Buddhist music in different periods. In this vein, this article includes not only the history of 'Beompae(Buddhist Chant)', a collective term for Buddhist music in a narrow sense but also all Buddhist music characterized by with Buddhism that is communicated in this land and extends its coverage even to Chanbulga(Buddhist hymn)讚佛歌 music created in and after the 20th century. It also examines the historical development of Buddhism related music in this land. Another task of this article is to understand the Myeongching-gagok 名稱歌曲 sung by monks in the early Joseon Dynasty period, music created for public mission work during the Joseon Dynasty period, the meaning of the existence of 'Hwacheong' 和請, and the traces of Buddhist music existing in the music of the Joseon Dynasty period.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.43
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• pp.293-322
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• 2021

The present study examined the scientific awareness appearing in Korean tokusatsu series by focusing on Vectorman: Warriors of the Earth. As a work representing Korean tokusatsu series, Vectorman: Warriors of the Earth achieved the greatest success among tokusatsu series. This work was released thanks to the continued popularity of Japanese tokusatsu since the mid-1980s and the trend of robot animations. Due to the chronic problems regarding Korean children's programs-the oversupply of imported programs and repeated reruns-the need for domestically produced children's programs has continued to come to the fore. However, as the popularity of Korean animation waned beginning in the mid-1990s, inevitably the burden fr producing animation increased. As a result, Vectorman: Warriors of the Earth was produced as a tokusatsu rather than an animation, and because this was a time when an environment for using special effects technology was being fostered in broadcasting stations, computer visual effects were actively used for the series. The response to the new domestically produced tokusatsu series Vectorman: Warriors of the Earth was explosive. The Vectorman series explained the abilities of cosmic beings by using specific scientific terms such as DNA synthesis, brain cell transformation, and special psychological control device instead of ambiguous words like the scientific technology of space. Although the series is unable to describe in detail about the process and cause, the way it defines technology using concrete terms rather than science fiction shows how scientific imagination is manifesting in specific forms in Korean society. Furthermore, the equal relationship between Vectorman and the aliens shows how the science of space, explained with the scientific terms of earth, is an expression of confidence regarding the advancement of Korean scientific technology which represents earth. However, the female characters fail to gain entry into the domain of science and are portrayed as unscientific beings, revealing limitations in terms of scientific awareness.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.61-96
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• 2021

This study is to structurally examine the regional income disparity in Korea. It measures the regional income inducement by household consumption expenditure per unit income, and the regional interdependency of income using 2005 and 2015 Regional Input-Output Tables of 16 provincial regions of Korea. The results are as follows. Firstly, the income inducement by consumption expenditure per unit income decreased overall, mainly due to the decrease in the income inducement of other regions than due to that of their region. Secondly, in many regions, the inter-relational income dependency per unit income decreased also, this too, mainly due to the decrease in the income transfer to other region. And, the income inducement effects of consumption expenditure per unit income of Seoul and Gyeonggi, which occupy a large portion of the Korean economy, were lower than that of other regions, but took the largest portion of income inducements generated by other regions as well as by themselves and absorbed the income transfers from other regions the most. The higher income inducement and income absorption in Seoul and Gyeonggi by consumption expenditure of other regions were mainly because of the high share in service of their consumption structure, the progress in tertiarization of their industrial structure, and the high wage portion. These results also mean that viewed from the regional interdependency of income, the income of Seoul and that of Gyeonggi are highly dependent on the income of other regions. Especially, Gyeonggi which leads the overseas exports of high-tech based manufactured products, has other external factors that contribute to their high income inducement, whereas, Seoul which shows high income absorption using its inter-relations with other domestic regions based on the services, has an income-generating structure that is sensitive to other regions' economic situation. Amid overall declines in regional income inducements and in income transfers, and continuing concentrations into Seoul and Gyeonggi regions, to alleviate the regional disparity, the regional industry policies should, rather than benchmarking the policies of the two concentrated regions, enhance their own inter-regional relationships by strengthening the comparative advantage of their regionally specialized industry.