• Toxicological Research
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2018

As a part of general toxicity studies of Enterococcus Faecalis 2001 (EF 2001) prepared using heat-treatment bacillus mort body EF 2001 in mice, this study examined the toxicity of EF 2001 in single and repeated administrations following the previous report in order to apply this product to preventive medicine. The safety of oral ingestion of EF 2001 was examined in 6-week-old male and female ICR mice with 1,000 mg/kg, 3,000 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day administrated by gavage of the maximum acceptable dose of EF 2001. The study was conducted using distilled water as a control following the methods for general toxicity studies described in the "Guidelines for Non-clinical Studies of Pharmaceutical Products 2002". As a control, 1) observation of general conditions, 2) measurement of body weight, 3) determination of food consumption, 4) determination of water consumption, 5) blood test and urinalysis and 6) pathological examination were performed for the administration of EF 2001. Mice received EF 2001 for 13 weeks and results were compared with those of the control group that received distilled water. The results of the above examinations revealed no significant differences between control and EF 2001 groups for both males and females. Thus, no notable toxicity was confirmed with single and repeated oral administrations of EF 2001. Oral administration in the above doses did not result in abnormal symptoms or death during the observation period. No abnormalities in blood cell count or organ weights were seen. Without any evidence of toxicity to cells and organs, EF 2001 is speculated to not adversely affect living organisms. The 50% lethal dose of EF 2001 with oral administration in mice is estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day for both male and female mice. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ value for animals was 5,000 mg/kg or more.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2012

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes involved in the remodelling of chromatin, and have a key role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are emerging as an exciting new class of potential anti-cancer agents. In recent years, a number of structurally diverse HDAC inhibitors have been identifi ed and these HDAC inhibitors induce growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed at investigating the anti-tumor activity of various HDAC inhibitors, IN-2001, using T47D human breast cancer cells. Moreover, the possible mechanism by which HDAC inhibitors exhibit anti-tumor activity was also explored. In estrogen receptor positive T47D cells, IN-2001, HDAC inhibitor showed anti-proliferative effects in dose-and time-dependent manner. In T47D human breast cancer cells showed anti-tumor activity of IN-2001 and the growth inhibitory effects of IN-2001 were related to the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometry studies revealed that IN-2001 showed accumulation of cells at $G_2$/M phase. At the same time, IN-2001 treatment time-dependently increased sub-$G_1$ population, representing apoptotic cells. IN-2001-mediated cell cycle arrest was associated with induction of cdk inhibitor expression. In T47D cells, IN-2001 as well as other HDAC inhibitors treatment significantly increased $p21^{WAF1}$ and $p27^{KIP1}$ expression. In addition, thymidylate synthase, an essential enzyme for DNA replication and repair, was down-regulated by IN-2001 and other HDAC inhibitors in the T47D human breast cancer cells. In summary, IN-2001 with a higher potency than other HDAC inhibitors induced growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and eventual apoptosis in human breast cancer possibly through modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as cdk inhibitors, cyclins, and thymidylate synthase.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2003

Currently, dietary life in Korea is rapidly changing. New food from other countries introduced to the diet with changing economic and social environment. The number of meals away from home is increasing. Also, number of students who served by the school food service are increasing. In this paper, the menu in the school food service are compared between 1995 and 2001. Analysis was done to see changes in the use of Korean traditional foods. Between July, 2001 and August, 2001, by mail 103 schools were surveyed to analyzed menu. Menu from 2001 survey are compared with menu from 1995 survey. The results are following; 1) New menus are introduced in 2001 compared with 1995. 2) The number of menu using animal foods are increasing in 2001. 3) Among cooking methods, stir frying, and deep frying, are used more in 2001 than that of 1995. 4) The number of Korean dish served are decreased in 2001. 5) Students favorite dish are changed. Students like dishes cooked with deep frying method and western foods. With these results, menu of school food services become more westernized and using more frying methods because of students' taste preference. These trend are not recommendable for the students health, because it is known that Korean traditional dishes are more healthful. There should be more research and effort to keep Korean tranditional foods in the menu of the school food service for students health.

• 환경생물
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2005

2001, 2003년의 7월부터 10월까지 대청호에 위치한 댐 지역에서 식물플랑크톤 군집, 환경요인 및 강우량을 조사하였다. 조사 기간동안의 월평균 강우량은 2001, 2003년 각각 91.3, 265.3mm로 조사되었다. 최대 Chl. a의 농도는 2001, 2003년 각각 45.4, 131.5 ㎍ L/sup -1/로 조사되었다. 남조류 세포수는 2003년 최대 49,000 cells mL/sup -1/로 조사되었고, 2001년은 최대 200,000 cells mL/sup -1/ 이상으로 조사되었다. 그리고 식물플랑크톤 군집에서 남조류의 상대 풍부도는 2001년 97%, 2003년 74%였다. 2001년은 Microcystis spp.가 조사기간동안 우점종으로 조사되었고, 2003년은 Oscillatoria spp., Phormidium spp. Chroococcus spp. 그리고 Microcystis spp. 순으로 우점종의 변화를 보여줬다. 결론적으로 강우량은 식물플랑크톤의 종 다양성 및 수화현상을 일으키는 남조류 세포 밀도에 영향을 주었다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.372-374
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• 2017

Korea is one of the fastest aging country in the world. The increase in health expenditure is an inevitable problem in an aging country. We examined trend of benefit expenditure in National Health Insurance (NHI) by age group during 2001 to 2016. The benefit expenditure of NHI was 13.0 trillion won (2001) and 48.7 trillion won (2016); that is 3.76 times to 2001. This rapid increase was mostly due to people aged 65 and over. Proportion of beneficiaries aged 65 and over was 6.9% (2001) and 13.7% (2016), benefit expenditure per capita aged 65 and over was 279 thousand won (2001) and 960 thousand won (2016), and utilization days per capita aged 65 and over 21.44 (2001) and 30.23 (2016). This phenomenon was more pronounced in 75 or 85 aged and over. To contain the health costs for older people, the NHI system should be reformed.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제10A권3호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 IEEE Verilog 1364-2001 표준을 지원하는 Verilog-2001 파서를 개발하였다. 개발된 파서의 어휘 분석 및 구문 분석기는 Verilog-2001을 지원할 수 있도록 개발되었으며 Verilog-2001 테스트 슈트(test suite)를 개발하여 검증하였다. XML 중간형식을 설계하여 사용함으로써 Verilog시맨틱 조작의 응용에 적합하게 설계되었으며 기존의 구조 수준의 파서의 단점을 극복하기 위하여 문맥 정보의 처리가 가능하도록 개발되었다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2002

고추와 사과에서 분리한 20개와 14개의 탄저병균 중에서 2001-45가 스테롤 생합성을 저해하는 살균제에 대하여 저항성 균주로 판명되었다. 2001-45는 myclobutanil, tebuconazole, hexaconazole, nuarimol 등에 대하여 153.5, 42.7, 34.0, 17.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml로, 실험에 사용한 다른 탄저병균들 보다 높은 EC$_{50}$ 값을 보이며, 서로간에 교차 저항성을 나타냈다. 하지만 prochloraz(스테를 생합성 저해 살균제)에 대한 EC$_{50}$ 값은 0.07 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml로, 감수성균인 2001-44와 JC24 보다도 감수성이 높았다. 20, 25, 3$0^{\circ}C$에서 스테롤 생합성 저해 살균제에 대하여 저항성인 2001-45의 균사 생장은 2001-44와 비슷하였으며, 또 다른 감수성인 JC24보다는 빨랐다. 그러나 PDA상에서의 포자 형성 능력과 고추열매에 대한 병원성은 JC24보다 현저하게 떨어졌다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.320-326
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate dietary choline intake of Koreans according to gender, age and region by using the data on per capita food intake in 1998 and 2001 and the data on choline contents of foods customarily eaten by Koreans. Sixty-four and 97 kinds of food items were used for the estimation of choline intake in 1998 and 2001, respectively. And these corresponded to approximately $90\%$ of the total amount of food intake and energy intake. Based on these food items and choline content, per capita choline intake of Koreans was estimated to be 623.0 mg and 602.4 mg in 1998 and 2001 respectively , 687.2 mg and 659.1 mg in 1998 and 2001 for male, 560.2 mg and 551.0 mg in 1998 and 2001 for female. While the number of foods considered in estimation was higher in 2001 than 1998, choline intake was lower in 2001. The estimated per capita choline intake of male population was higher than that of female population by 108-127 mg, possibly due to the difference in total amount of food intake. The age group with the highest choline intake was different between 2 time points. Although adolescents of 13- 19 years showed the highest intake (712.0 mg) in 1998, mid-aged adults of 30-49 years showed the highest choline intake (662.2 mg) followed by adolescents (645.7 mg) in 2001. In regional comparison, choline intake of the rural population (588.7 mg and 588.3 mg in 1998 and 2001 respectively) was lower than that of population in small to medium-size cities (625.1 mg and 603.9 mg) or in metropolitan cities (637.7 mg and 602.8 mg). This result revealed that per capita choline intake of the Korean population falls within the adequate range with some differences by age, sex and residing area.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.65-81
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• 2001

ISO 9001:1994 / KS A 9001:1998 was recently revised as ISO 9001:2000 / KS A 9001:2001, so as to be used in non-manufacturing companies as well. In this paper, a model for quality management system in public administration sector was proposed by customizing ISO 9001:2000 / KS A 9001:2001. The proposed model is compatible with ISO 9001:2000 / KS A 9001:2001, and expected to be used as a guideline for those people who are involved in establishing quality administration system in public sector.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.130-139
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Korean sofa design in 2013 and understand the change of it in comparison with the characteristics of sofa in 2001. For the sake of it, this study analyzed the styles, forms, materials, colors and composition of 220 sofas posted on 7 main furniture companies' internet homepage of Korea, and used the results of the previous study for the materials in 2001. As the results of analysis, the style of furniture was almost modern and there was much of lineal in the form of sofa, rather than curved. The percentage of using leather for main material of sofa was greatly increased compared with 2001. In case of minor material, there was difference in each company in percentage of using wood and metal. The use of brown color was greatly increased compared with 2001, and the diversification of color use was reduced. The percentage of using a single color gets increased compared with 2001, but the cases of strong contrast were more than that of weak contrast. The percentage of sofa for 3 people gets lowered compared with 2001, and the case of sofa for 4 people gets greatly increased. In case of auxiliary component, the use of couch and stool, which were almost not used in 2001, gets more increased than sofa for single, with many cases of using the corner, though small. In conclusion, the characteristics of Korean sofa design are diversification of the sofa configuration, the tendency of high-quality sofa, and simplification and concentration of the sofa design.