• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제62권1호
• /
• pp.53-60
• /
• 2019

Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of intra-operative cell salvage system (ICS) to decrease the need for allogeneic transfusions in patients undergoing major spinal deformity surgeries. Methods : A total of 113 consecutive patients undergoing long level posterior spinal segmental instrumented fusion (${\geq}5$ levels) for spinal deformity correction were enrolled. Data including the osteotomy status, the number of fused segments, estimated blood loss, intra-operative transfusion amount by ICS (Cell $Saver^{(R)}$, $Haemonetics^{(C)}$, Baltimore, MA, USA) or allogeneic blood, postoperative transfusion amount, and operative time were collected and analyzed. Results : The number of patients was 81 in ICS group and 32 in non-ICS group. There were no significant differences in demographic data and comorbidities between the groups. Autotransfusion by ICS system was performed in 53 patients out of 81 in the ICS group (65.4%) and the amount of transfused blood by ICS was 226.7 mL in ICS group. The mean intra-operative allogeneic blood transfusion requirement was significantly lower in the ICS group than non-ICS group (2.0 vs. 2.9 units, p=0.033). The regression coefficient of ICS use was -1.036. Conclusion : ICS use could decrease the need for intra-operative allogeneic blood transfusion. Specifically, the use of ICS may reduce about one unit amount of allogeneic transfusion in major spinal deformity surgery.

• 방송공학회논문지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2016

본 논문에서는 지상파 Digital TV(Television) 방송의 난시청 지역 해소를 위하여 동일 채널 DTV ICS(Interference Cancellation System) 극소출력 중계기를 이용한 필드 테스트 분석을 통한 효과를 입증하였다. 전국적으로 산재한 난시청 지역(자연적) 및 건물(인위적)중에서 7개소를 필드 테스트 지역으로 선정하고, 각 방송국(KBS1, KBS2, EBS, MBC, SBS)에 대하여 ICS 극소출력 중계기의 설치 전, 후의 수신 전계 강도와 SNR(Signal to Noise Ratios)을 측정하고, 또한 수신율 개선 현황을 통하여 ICS 극소출력 중계기의 효과를 검증하고, 향후 ICS 타입 극소출력 중계기의 확산을 위한 연구 기반을 제공하였다.

• 융합보안논문지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 2022

최근 사이버 공격으로 인해 발생한 우크라이나 대규모 정전 사태를 비롯하여 국가 기반시설에 대한 사이버 공격이 지속해서 발생하고 있다. 이에 따라 ICS-CERT 취약점이 작년보다 두 배 이상이 증가하는 등 원자력 시설 등의 산업제어시스템에 대한 취약점이 날로 증가하고 있다. 대부분의 제어시스템 운영자는 미국의 ICS-CERT에서 제공하는 산업제어시스템 취약점정보원을 바탕으로 취약점 대응 방안을 수립한다. 그러나 ICS-CERT는 연관된 모든 취약점 정보를 포함하지 않으며, 국내 제조사 제품에 대한 취약점을 제공하지 않아 이를 국내 제어시스템 보안에 적용하기 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 ICS-CERT에서 제공하는 제어시스템 취약점 정보(1,843건)를 기준으로 해당 취약점과 관련된 CVE, CWE, CAPEC, CPE 정보를 통합한 취약점 분석 프레임워크를 제시한다. 또한 원자력 시설의 자산을 CPE를 이용하여 식별하고 CVE와 ICS-CERT를 이용하여 취약점을 분석한다. 기존의 방법론으로 취약점 분석 시 임의의 국내 원자력 시설 자산 중 ICS-CERT에는 단 8%의 자산에 대한 취약점 정보를 탐색하였지만, 제안하는 방법론을 이용하면 70% 이상의 자산에 대해 취약점 정보를 탐색할 수 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제83권3호
• /
• pp.185-194
• /
• 2020

Blood eosinophil counts have emerged as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) biomarker that predict the effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in clinical practice. Post-hoc and prospective analysis of randomized control trials have shown that higher blood eosinophil counts at the start of the study predict a greater response to ICS. COPD patients with frequent exacerbations (2 or more moderate exacerbations/yr) or a history of hospitalization have a greater response to ICS. Ex-smokers also appear to have a greater ICS response. Blood eosinophil counts can be combined with clinical information such as exacerbation history and smoking status to enable a precision medicine approach to the use of ICS. Higher blood eosinophil counts are associated with increased eosinophilic lung inflammation, and other biological features that may contribute to the increased ICS response observed. Emerging data indicates that lower blood eosinophil counts are associated with an increased risk of bacterial infection, suggesting complex relationships between eosinophils, ICS response, and the airway microbiome.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제28권11호
• /
• pp.1186-1191
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 독성 3가 비소의 효율적인 처리를 위한 여과시스템 구성조건을 찾기 위해 모래표면에 산화망간이 코팅된 MCS(Manganese-coated sand)와 산화철이 코팅된 ICS(Iron-coated sand)를 여과재질로 사용하여 MCS 단층, ICS 단층 그리고 ICS와 MCS의 충전비를 달리한 여러 칼럼반응기내에서의 비소 산화 및 흡착실험을 실시하였다. MCS 만을 사용한 경우 다른 반응기에서 보다 빨리 비소의 파과가 시작되었지만 유출수내의 비소는 대부분 AS(V)로서 MCS가 3가 비소를 효과적으로 산화시킴을 알 수 있었다. 반면 ICS 만을 사용한 경우 3가 비소의 산화는 확인되지 않았지만 총 비소의 파과시간은 MCS 만을 사용한 것보다 5배 이상 지연되어 나타났다. 완전파과가 이루어졌을 때 1 kg의 ICS에 의해 제거된 3가 비소는 36.1 mg이었다. MCS와 ICS를 병합 사용한 칼럼반응기의 최적 구성조건 도출을 위해 ICS의 충전량은 고정시키고 세가지 다른 ICS/MCS 비 조건에서 칼럼실험을 실시하였다. ICS/MCS 충전비의 변화에도 불구하고 비소의 파과시간은 비슷하였지만 ICS/MCS 충전비가 감소할수록 비소 파과곡선이 상대적으로 완만하게 나탄났다. 그리고 ICS/MCS 충전비가 감소할수록 유출수내의 3가 비소농도는 점차 낮아졌으며 ICS와 MCS를 동일량 충전시킨 칼럼의 유출수내 3가 비소 농도는 모든 반응시간대에서 50 ppb 이하로 존재하였다. 이것은 3가 비소 산화효율은 MCS 충전량과 관계가 있음을 제시하는 것이다. 동일량의 ICS와 MCS를 충전시킨 칼럼반응기에 의한 비소제거량을 여과재질의 다위 kg당으로 환산하면 68.5 mg에 해당하였다.운전 방법 보다 오존의 투입농도를 증가시키거나 오존 접촉조의 체류시간을 증가시켜 운전하는 방식이 1,4-dioxane 제거에 대해 효과적인 운전 방법으로 조사되었다. flux 감소에 대한 NOM의 분자량 분포 영향을 살펴본 결과, 전반적으로 2,000 g/mol 이하의 분자량 범위에서 90% 이상의 분포범위를 나타내고 있어 투과 flux 감소에 대한 유기물 분자량 크기분포의 영향은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 하류에 위치한 취수 원수에 미치는 영향은 미미한 것으로 판단되었다. 수 있었다.문에, 이 연구에서 개발된 수치모델은 퇴적물에서 일어나는 미량 오염 물질의 거동을 파악하기 위해 유용하게 사용되어질 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.on between instantaneous attack angle of blade section and the resultants real time force components. Through these investigation it is found out that the conventional imagination that the 7cull motion should be effective in generating lift force must be reconsidered because the attack angle of scull blade are too great to free from stall phenomena during the sculling operation.잠119>잠113>잠120의 순이었다.지방산의 조성이 많은 차이를 보였다.{2+}$ 26 및 $Na^+$ 26 mg $L^{-1}$이었다. 양액 재배 후 버려지는

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2014

Monolithic three-dimensional integrated chips (3D ICs) are an emerging technology that offers an integration density that is some orders of magnitude higher than the conventional through-silicon-via (TSV)-based 3D ICs. This is due to a sequential integration process that enables extremely small monolithic inter-tier vias (MIVs). For a monolithic 3D memory, we first explore the static random-access memory (SRAM) design. Next, for digital logic, we explore several design styles. The first is transistor-level, which is a design style unique to monolithic 3D ICs that are enabled by the ultra-high-density of MIVs. We also explore gate-level and block-level design styles, which are available for TSV-based 3D ICs. For each of these design styles, we present techniques to obtain the graphic database system (GDS) layouts, and perform a signoff-quality performance and power analysis. We also discuss various challenges facing monolithic 3D ICs, such as achieving 50% footprint reduction over two-dimensional (2D) ICs, routing congestion, power delivery network design, and thermal issues. Finally, we present design techniques to overcome these challenges.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.561-570
• /
• 2010

Purpose: This was a cross sectional descriptive study to introduce the Infants Coma Scale (ICS), describe mental status of high risk infants using ICS and explore the relationships between ICS and clinical variables in infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital in Korea. Methods: After ICS was developed and tested by the authors, a research nurse evaluated the mental status of the infants using the English version of ICS and obtained clinical information on the infants from their medical records. Results: Data from 88 infants were analyzed. About 60% were male, 90% were preterm births, and 40% had pathologic abnormalities. Their mean gestational age was 32.4 (${\pm}3.50$) weeks and the mean birth weight was 1,842 (${\pm}728.6$) grams. The Cronbach's alpha for the ICS was .78. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between ICS total score and five clinical variables including gestational age, birth weight, 1 and 5 min Apgar scores and respiration status. Conclusion: Mental status is an important parameter in nursing assessment. ICS is a valid and reliable instrument, which clinicians can easily use to evaluate the mental status of high risk infants.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제85권1호
• /
• pp.80-88
• /
• 2022

Background: Although it is known that inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use may increase the risk of respiratory infection, its influence on the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between ICS use and the positivity of SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Methods: Nationwide data of 44,968 individuals with chronic respiratory diseases tested for SARS-CoV-2 until May 15, 2021 were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Welfare and Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea. The positivity of SARS-CoV-2 infection was retrospectively analysed according to the prescription, type, and dose of ICS taken one year before SARS-CoV-2 test. Results: Among 44,968 individuals tested, 931 (2.1%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 7,019 patients (15.6%) were prescribed ICS one year prior to being tested for SARS-CoV-2. Low, medium, and high doses of ICS were prescribed in 7.5%, 1.6%, and 6.5% of total cases, respectively. Among types of ICS, budesonide, fluticasone, beclomethasone, and ciclesonide were prescribed in 3.7%, 8.9%, 2.3%, and 0.6% of total cases, respectively. A multivariate analysis showed no significant increase in infection with ICS use (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.66-1.03). Moreover, there were no associations between the positivity of infection and the dose or type of ICS prescribed. Conclusion: Prior ICS use did not increase the positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, different doses or types of ICS did not affect this positivity.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 2017

Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs), starting with memory cubes, have entered the mainstream recently. The benefits many predicted in the past are indeed delivered, including higher memory bandwidth, smaller form factor, and lower energy. However, 3D ICs have yet to find their deployment in aerospace applications. In this paper we first present key design tools and methodologies for high performance, low power, and reliable 3D ICs that mainly target terrestrial applications. Next, we discuss research needs to extend their capabilities to ensure reliable operations under the harsh space environments. We first present a design methodology that performs fine-grained partitioning of functional modules in 3D ICs for power reduction. Next, we discuss our multi-physics reliability analysis tool that identifies thermal and mechanical reliability trouble spots in the given 3D IC layouts. Our tools will help aerospace electronics designers to improve the reliability of these 3D IC components while not degrading their energy benefits.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.79-83
• /
• 2016

This research was analyzed thermal characteristics that was appointed disadvantage when smart LED driver ICs was packaged and we applied extracted thermal characteristics for optimal layout design. We confirmed reliability of smart LED driver ICs package without additional heat sink. If the package is not heat sink, we are possible to minimize package. For extracting thermal loss due to overshoot current, we increased driver current by two and three times. As a result of experiment, we obtained 22 mW and 49.5 mW thermal loss. And we obtained optimal data of 350 mA driver current. It is important to distance between power MOSFET and driver ICs. If thhe distance was increased, the temperature of package was decreased. And so we obtained optimal data of 3.7 mm distance between power MOSFET and driver ICs. Finally, we fabricated real package and we analyzed the electrical characteristics. We obtained constant 35 V output voltage and 80% efficiency.