• 약학회지
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.394-399
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• 2013

In this study we demonstrated whether the extract of Polygonum aviculare L. (PAE) can be applied to the immune-stimulating responses in macrophages (Raw 264.7 cells). Cell viability was determined by WST-8 assay, and all four doses of PAE (5, 10, 20, and 40 ${\mu}g/ml$) had no significant cytotoxicity during the entire experimental period. PAE increased the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO), and mRNA expressions and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines(tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6) in the same cells. These immune-stimulating activities of PAE were found to be caused by the stimulation of $NF{\kappa}B$ signal and phosphorylation of MAP kinases (p38, ERK and JNK).

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.402-409
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• 2019

생삼을 쪄서 건조시킨 홍삼은 전통적으로 사용되고 있는 약재로서 면역, 내분비 및 중추신경계 작용을 증진시키며 염증을 억제하는 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 그람 양성균의 세포벽 성분인 lipoteichoic acid (LTA)에 의한 염증반응에 홍삼추출액(RGE)이 항염증 효과를 가지는지 관찰하고 그 작용 기전을 연구하였다. BV-2 소교세포에서 RGE는 세포에 독성을 유도하지 않으면서 LTA로 인한 nitric oxide (NO)의 생성과 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 발현을 억제하였으며, NF-kB p65의 핵으로의 이동과 IkB-a의 분해 또한 억제하였다. 한편, RGE는 농도의존적으로 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)의 발현을 유도하였으며, HO-1 siRNA를 처리했을 때는 RGE가 iNOS의 발현을 억제하지 못하였다. RGE는 HO-1의 발현에 관여하는 전사인자인 nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)를 핵으로 이동을 촉진시켰다. 또한 RGE에 의한 HO-1의 발현은 phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI-3K) 및 MAPK 억제제에 의해 감소되었으며, RGE가 Akt와 ERK, p38, JNK의 인산화를 유도하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, RGE는 PI-3K/Akt 및 ERK, p38, JNK 신호전달과정을 통해 HO-1의 발현을 유도함으로써 NO와 같은 염증매개물질의 생성을 억제한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러므로 홍삼추출액은 그람 양성균에 의한 신경염증과 염증관련 신경계 질환의 치료제로서 사용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2015

Objectives : Gastric lesions affect many people around the world and their development are results of the imbalance between destructive and protective factors in the gastric mucosa. Lycium chinense has been widely used as a traditional Korean medicine, it was recently reported that they have potent anti-inflammatory effects in chronic hepatitis models. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Lycium chinense extract (LCE) on HCl-Ethanol induced gastric lesion mice.Methods : The ICR mice were divided randomly into five groups of six animals each. Group A was normal mice, and group B was treated orally with 0.5 ml 150 mM HCl-60% Ethanol. Mice in group C and D were pre-treatment of LCE (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bodyweight, p.o before HCl/ethanol treatment) and group E was orally administered sucralfate (10 mg/kg).Results : 150mM HCl/60% ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury mice were ameliorated mucosal damage upon histological evaluation by treatment of LCE. Pre-treatment of LCE attenuated reactive oxidative species (ROS) and produces peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) in stomach tissues. As results of stomach protein analyses, LCE effectively reduce inflammatory-related factors such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in gastric lesion mice. In addition, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inhibitor of phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (p-IκB) were down-regulated in LCE-administrated gastric lesion mice.Conclusions : Our discovery supports that the therapeutic activity of LCE ameliorate the development of gastric lesion via suppressing the oxidative stress and gastric partial inflammation induced by 150 mM HCl/60% ethanol.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.987-994
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• 2021

이전 연구에서 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 유래 항균 펩타이드 Protaetiamycine 2와 6의 항염증 효과를 입증하였다. 본 연구에서는 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 염증을 유도한 RAW264.7 대식세포에서 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 새로운 항균 펩타이드인 Protaetiamycine 9의 염증 조절 기전을 검토하였다. 항염증 활성을 확인하기 위하여 RAW 264.7 세포에 독성이 나타나지 않는 범위(25-100 ㎍/ml)로 Protaetiamycine 9를 1시간 동안 전처리한 후, 24시간 동안 LPS (100 ng/ml)로 염증을 유도하였다. Protaetiamycine 9 (25-100 ㎍/ml)는 LPS 자극으로 증가된 nitric oxide (NO) 분비를 농도의존적으로 감소시켰고, 염증 매개 인자의 생성에 관여하는 inducible NO synthase (iNOS) 및 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)의 발현을 유의적으로 억제하였다. Protaetiamycine 9는 LPS로 유도된 inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκB-α)의 분해를 저해하고, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 및 p38을 포함하는 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)의 인산화를 억제함으로써 염증성 사이토카인(interleukin (IL)-6와 IL-1β)의 생성과 유전자 발현을 효과적으로 억제하였다. 따라서, Protaetiamycine 9는 염증반응의 신호전달경로인 NF-κB와 MAPKs의 활성화를 억제함으로써 항염증 효과를 나타내는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

Neuroinflammation is defined as a neurological inflammation within the brain and the spinal cord. In neuroinflammation, microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, which act as the first line of defense against harmful pathogens. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has an anti-inflammatory effect in many neurological conditions. Additionally, the microRNA-30a-5p (miR-30a-5p) mimic has been proven to be effective in macrophages in inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of both miR-30a-5p and Dex in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. This study showed that miR-30a-5p and Dex decreased nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation in LPS-induced BV2 cells. MiR-30a-5p and Dex alleviated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), LPS-induced phosphorylation c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Also, the expression of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-1, and ASC was inhibited. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were attenuated by Dex and miR-30a-5p. Our results indicate that a combination of Dex and miR-30a-5p, attenuates NF-κB activation, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and inflammatory mediators involved in LPS-induced inflammation and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-activated BV2 cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.644-653
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• 2024

Considering the emergence of various infectious diseases, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), people's attention has shifted towards immune health. Consequently, immune-enhancing functional foods have been increasingly consumed. Hence, developing new immune-enhancing functional food products is needed. Pinus densiflora pollen can be collected from the male red pine tree, which is commonly found in Korea. P. densiflora pollen extract (PDE), obtained by water extraction, contained polyphenols (216.29 ± 0.22 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoids (35.14 ± 0.04 mg CE/100 g). PDE significantly increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but, did not exhibit cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Western blot results indicated that PDE induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. PDE also significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of cytokines and the phosphorylation of IKKα/β and p65, as well as the activation and degradation of IκBα. Additionally, western blot analysis of cytosolic and nuclear fractions and immunofluorescence assay confirmed that the translocation of p65 to the nucleus after PDE treatment. These results confirmed that PDE increases the production of cytokines, NO, and ROS by activating NF-κB. Therefore, PDE is a promising nutraceutical candidate for immune-enhancing functional foods.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.91-105
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 페놀 화합물, 라디칼 소거능, 환원능력 분석 및 세포 내 ROS 측정을 통해 질경이 추출물의 항산화 능력을 확인하였다. 질경이 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드함량은 각각 50.91±0.78 mg GAE/g, 100.99±0.44 mg rutin/g으로 나타났으며, DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거능과 환원력 모두 농도 의존적으로 증가하였다. 또한, 세포 내 ROS는 질경이 추출물에 의해 생성이 억제됨을 확인하였다. 항염증 활성은 RAW 264.7 세포를 이용하여 염증을 유도한 뒤 NO 측정과 western blot 분석을 통해 염증성 단백질 발현량을 확인하였다. 질경이 추출물은 LPS를 처리한 RAW 264.7 세포에서 NF-ĸB의 신호 전달 경로를 억제하여 염증성 단백질인 iNOS 및 COX-2의 발현량을 조절하였으며, 이로 인해 NO의 생성량을 억제하였다. 본 실험 결과를 통해 질경이 추출물의 항산화 및 항염증에 대한 우수한 활성을 확인하였으며, 식의약품 분야를 비롯한 농산업 분야에서 다양한 기능성 천연 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.373-377
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 아직 까지 연구되지 않은 말굽버섯의 면역증강 효과를 설치류 대식세포에서 검증하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 말굽버섯 메탄올 추출물(FFE)의 처리에 의해 대식세포의 산화질소의 생성이 농도 의존적으로 증가되었다. 산화질소의 생성이 증가된 이유는 산호질소의 생성을 유도하는 효소인 iNOS의 발현이 FFE에 의해 증가되었기 때문이었다. FFE는 면역반응에 중요한 cytokine인 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6의 생성도 농도 의존적으로 증가 시켰다. 이 같은 FFE의 면역증강 활성은 면역활성을 중계하는 세포 신호전달분자 중 NF-${\kappa}B$와 MAP Kinases의 활성증가에 의한 것임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 말굽버섯의 임상적 적용에 중요한 자료로 활용될 것이며, 만일 말굽버섯으로부터 분리한 단일성분에서 면역증강활성을 검증 하게 된다면 새로운 식 의약소재로서의 가치를 인정 받을 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sargassum horneri is an edible brown alga that grows in the subtidal zone as an annual species along the coasts of South Korea, China, and Japan. Recently, an extreme amount of S. horneri moved into the coasts of Jeju Island from the east coast of China, which made huge economic and environmental loss to the Jeju Island. Thus, utilization of this biomass becomes a big issue with the local authorities. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of crude polysaccharides (CPs) extracted from S. horneri China strain in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: CPs were precipitated from S. horneri digests prepared by enzyme assistant extraction using four food-grade enzymes (AMG, Celluclast, Viscozyme, and Alcalase). The production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were measured by using western blot. The IR spectrums of the CPs were recorded using a fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectrometer. RESULTS: The polysaccharides from the Celluclast enzyme digest (CCP) showed the highest inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells ($IC_{50}$ value: $95.7{\mu}g/mL$). Also, CCP dose-dependently down-regulated the protein expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, compared to the only LPS-treated cells. In addition, CCP inhibited the activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p50 and p65 and the phosphorylation of MAPKs, including p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis showed that the FT-IR spectrum of CCP is similar to that of commercial fucoidan. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CCP has anti-inflammatory activities and is a potential candidate for the formulation of a functional food ingredient or/and drug to treat inflammatory diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.481-489
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• 2005

Lonicerae Flos has antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, pneumococci, Bacillus dysenterii, Salmonella typhi, and paratyphoid. It is an antiviral agent. The herb has a cytoprotective effect against $CCl_{4}-induced$ hepatic injury. It has antilipemic action, interfering with lipid absorption from the gut. Nowadays this herb is used mainly in the treatment of upper respiratory infections, such as tonsillitis and acute laryngitis. It is also used in the treatment of skin suppurations, such as carbuncles, and to treat viral conjunctivitis, influenza, pneumonia, and mastitis. Lonicerae Flos is dried flower buds of Lonicera japonica, L. hypoglauca, L. confusa, or L. dasystyla. But, for the most part, we use whole plant of Lonicera japonica, as a flower bud of it. And, little is known of the original copy of effects of whole plant, except for the 'Bon-Cho-Gang-Mok', which is written the effects of flower of Lonicera japonica are equal to effects of leaves and branch of it. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) for the immunological activities in Raw 264.7 cells. In Raw 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic inflammation, flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica water extracts inhibited nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner and abrogated iNOS and COX-2. Flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica water extract did not affect on cell viability. To investigate the mechanism by which flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica water extract inhibits iNOS and COX-2 gene expression, we examined the on phosphorylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and assessed production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $interleukin-1{\beta}$ $(IL-1{\beta})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results provided evidence that flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica inhibited the production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and activated the phosphorylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in Raw 264.7 cells activated with LPS. These findings suggest that flower and whole plant of Lonicera japonica can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections, respectively.