• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제80권5호
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• pp.553-562
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• 2021

In this paper, a hybrid scaled boundary finite element and finite volume method (SBFEM-FVM) is proposed for simulating hydraulic-fracture propagation in brittle concrete materials. As a semi-analytical method, the scaled boundary finite element method is introduced for modelling concrete crack propagation under both an external force and water pressure. The finite volume method is employed to model the water within the crack and consider the relationship between the water pressure and the crack opening distance. The cohesive crack model is used to analyse the non-linear fracture process zone. The numerical results are compared with experimental data, indicating that the F-CMOD curves and water pressure changes under different loading conditions are approximately the same. Different types of water pressure distributions are also studied with the proposed coupled model, and the results show that the internal water pressure distribution has an important influence on crack propagation.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.199-207
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• 2023

Trend Impact Analysis is a prominent hybrid method has been used in future studies with a modified surprise- free forecast. It considers experts' perceptions about how future events may change the surprise-free forecast. It is an advanced forecasting tool used in futures studies for identifying, understanding and analyzing the consequences of unprecedented events on future trends. In this paper, we propose an advanced mechanism to generate more justifiable estimates to the probability of occurrence of an unprecedented event as a function of time with different degrees of severity using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The key idea of the paper is to enhance the generic process of reasoning with fuzzy logic and neural network by adding the additional step of attributes simulation, as unprecedented events do not occur all of a sudden but rather their occurrence is affected by change in the values of a set of attributes. An ANFIS approach is used to identify the occurrence and severity of an event, depending on the values of its trigger attributes.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.308-311
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• 2008

Oxide layers were prepared on Al2021 alloys substrate under a hybrid voltage of AC 200 V (60 Hz) combined with DC 260 V value at room temperature within $5{\sim}60\;min$ by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). An optimized aluminate-fluorosilicate solution was used as the electrolytes. The surface morphology, thickness and composition of layers on Al2021 alloys at different reaction times were studied. The results showed that it is possible to generate oxide layers of good properties on Al2021 alloys in aluminate-fluorosilicate electrolytes. Analysis show that the double-layer structure oxide layers consist of different states such as ${\alpha}-{Al_2}{O_3}$ and ${\gamma}-{Al_2}{O_3}$. For short treatment times, the formation process of oxide layers follows a linear kinetics, while for longer times the formation process slows down and becomes a steady stage. During the PEO processes, the average size of the discharge channels increased gradually as the PEO treatment time increased.

• 융복합기술연구소 논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2011

In this paper, a hybrid design tool combining one-dimensional(1D) lumped model and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD) approach has been developed in order to evaluate the performance of inkjet print head and droplet control process are studied to reduce the deviations between nozzles which affect the size of the printed line for the industrial application of direct writing on printed circuit boards(PCB). 1D lumped model analysis shows that it is useful tool for evaluating performance of an inkjet head by varying the design parameters. The differences in ejected volume and droplet velocity between analytical and experimental result are within 12%. Time sequence of droplet generation is verified by the comparison between 3D analysis result and photographic images acquired by stroboscopic technique. In addition, by applying DPN process, velocity and volume uniformity between nozzles is dramatically improved that the tolerance achieved by the piezoelectric inkjet printhead across the 64 nozzles is 5 to 8%. A printed line pattern is successfully obtained using the fabricated inkjet print head and droplet calibration system.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.317-322
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• 1999

Transparent films were prepared using the sol-gel process by mixing TEOS with PVA solution that was solved in EtOH and distilled water homogeneously. HCl, $CH_3COOH$ and $NH_4OH$ were used as catalysts of the sol-gel process, and for improving the flexibility of films glycerol was used as plasticizer. In case of each catalyst, transparency and tensile strength were increased, and glass transition temperature (Tg) was shifted to higher temperature with increasing TEOS ratio. Also, in case of adding the plasticizer, the flexibility of films was increased. On the contrary, transparency, thermal stability and tensile strength were decreased with increasing HCl and $NH_4OH$ ratio. Also, the range of being made of film type was expanded when $CH_3COOH$ was used than HCl and $NH_4OH$.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2021

Inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite solar cells have demonstrated considerable improvements, reaching 25.5% of certified power conversion efficiency in 2020 from 3.8% in 2009. In normal structured perovskite solar cells, TiO2 electron-transporting materials require heat treatment process at a high temperature over 450℃ to induce crystallinity. Inverted perovskite solar cells have also been studied to exclude the additional thermal process by using [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as a non-oxide electron-transporting layer. However, the drawback of the PCBM layer is a charge accumulation at the interface between PCBM and a metal electrode. The impact of bathocuproin (BCP) buffer layer on photovoltaic performance has been investigated herein to solve the problem of PCBM. 2-mM BCP-modified perovskite solar cells were observed to exhibit a maximum efficiency of 12.03% compared with BCP-free counterparts (5.82%) due to the suppression of the charge accumulation at the PCBM-Au interface and the resulting reduction of the charge recombination between perovskite and the PCBM layer.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2010

NIL, S-FIL과 같은 각인 기술(Imprinting lithography)를 적용하기 위한 투명하고 단단한 복제 틀(replica hard mold)을 제작하여 고가의 원판(master)와 패턴이 형성되는 기판과의 접촉을 근본적으로 방지해 경제적인 공정이 가능함을 제안한다. 실리콘 웨이퍼(Si wafer)와 같은 원판(master)과 패턴 형성 시 사용되는 기판과 직접적인 접촉을 방지하기 위해 우선 액상 공정을 이용하여 비접착성 표면처리된 고분자 복제(polymer copy)를 매개체(carrier)로 단단한 복제 틀을 제작한다. 이렇게 제작된 단단한 복제 틀(replica hard mold)는 유리와 거의 같은 강도와 투명도를 나타내며, 각인 공정(imprinting process)에서 석영 틀, 실리콘 웨이퍼(quartz mold, Si wafer)과 같이 값비싼 원판(master)의 직접 사용을 대체하여 성공적으로 패턴을 구현할 수 있다.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2023

Harmony search(HS)는 새로운 하모니를 구성할 때 HM을 참조하는 경우 개별 하모니의 평가를 이용하지 않지만 PSO(particle swarm optimization)는 개별 입자의 평가와 모집단의 평가를 이용하여 해를 찾아간다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 HS와 PSO의 유사점을 찾아 PSO의 입자 개선 과정을 HS에 적용하여 알고리즘의 성능을 향상시키고자 하였다. PSO 알고리즘을 적용하기 위해서는 개별 입자의 local best와 떼(swam)의 global best가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 HS가 harmony memory(HM)에서 가장 나쁜 하모니을 개선하는 과정을 PSO와 매우 유사한 과정으로 보았다. 이에 따라 HM의 가장 나쁜 하모니를 입자의 PSO의 local best로, 가장 좋은 하모니는 PSO의 global best 최고로 간주하였다. 이와 같이 PSO의 입자 개선과정을 HS 하모니 개선과정에 도입하여 HS의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 다양한 함수에 대한 최적화 예시를 통해 비교 확인하였다. 그 결과 정확성과 일관성에 있어 기존 HS보다 제안한 HS-PSO가 매우 우수함을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2005년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.925-928
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• 2005

In this study, we fabricated the DAMLs using surface micromachining technology as well a low loss coupler for the millimeter-wave band applications using these DAMLs. The structure of DAML is that a signal line is supported on ground plane by dielectric posts. Therefore it has advantages about the loss characteristic and the stable structure. The other advantage of the DAML process is a simple and convenient technique using 4 mask steps, even if it has a micromachining technology. The lowest loss of the fabricated DAML was obtained 2.2 dB/cm at 110 GHz. To obtain the low loss characteristic, couplers were designed and fabricated by using DAMLs. The fabricated ring hybrid coupler has the coupling of 3.58 dB and the thru of 3.31 dB at 60 GHz. We can also obtain the coupling of 3.42 dB, the thru of 3.82 dB from fabricated branch line coupler at 60 GHz.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.508-512
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• 1998

마이크로파(2.45GHz) 에너지를 이용한 소결법으로 $1100^{\circ}C$~$1300^{\circ}C$의 온도범위에서 반도체 세라믹스인 $Mn_3O_4{\cdot}Co_3O_4{\cdot}3NiO$ 조성의 NTC 서미스터를 소결하였으며, 그 전기적 특성을 조사하였다. 소결온도가 높아질수록 소결밀도가 높은 치밀한 소결체를 얻을 수 있었으며, 25~$85^{\circ}C$ 범위의 온도변화에 따른 전기저항변화 특성으로부터 구한 비저항 $B_{25^{\circ/85^{\circ}}$ 정수는 3100~3200K이었다. 마이크로파 하이브리드, 소결법으로 소결된 시편과 일반소결법으로 소결된 시편을 비교하면 소결특성과 전기적물성에서 비슷한 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 마이크로파 에너지를 이용한 소결공정은 20분 안에 완료되는 짧은 시간의 급속소결법으로 공정 시간과 에너지를 크게 절감할 수 있었다.