• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.203-225
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• 1997

Jihwangbakhotang(地黃白虎楊) is made by Li Je Ma, the creator of the Four Constitutional Medicine. Single and 13 weeks oral repeated dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes to elucidate the potential acute and subchronic toxicity of JBT extract and reversibility of any effects. In the single dose study, JBT extract was administered orally to rats with the dose of 2 g/kg and 8 g/kg. In the long term administration of 13 weeks, the JBT extract of 125 mg/kg/day, 500 mg/kg/day, 2000 mg/kg/day was administered to rats. The change of blood weight, urine volume, electrolyte in urine, hematological change, the change of blood chemistry, autopsy finding, and histological observation were researched, the results were as follows; 1. The lethal dose of JBT extract seems to be over 10 g/kg, the single administration of JBT extract 8 g/kg showed no toxical signs except little increase of urine volume. 2. The change of body weight had the trend of decrease in the group of, but has no significance, and also the consumption of food and water had no changes. 3. The hematological changes induced by the 13 weeks administration of JBT extract showed the significance in the item of Hb, MCH, MCV, WBC in the group of 125 mg/kg/day. 4. In the test of blood chemistry, total cholesterol showed little decrease and A/G ratio showed little increase, but the change was not clear, and the standard error was large. So the result was obtained insignificantly and the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed. 5. In the male group after recovery period, the level of cholesterol and triglyceride decreased slightly, but the result was not significant. 6. In the urine test, the little change of electrolyte was appeared, but it seemed not to be the result induced by the toxicity of JBT extract. 7. In each group of male and female rats, the weight change of organ and the serum histological changes was observed, but the result did not showed the dose dependent toxicity. So the toxicity of JBT extract was not regarded. In the conclusion, the toxicity of JBT extract was not observed in the single dose treatment and long term repetitive administration of JBT extract.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.1081-1086
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the medicinal effects of the herbal combination extracts-2 (HCE-2), consisting of Artemisia capillaris Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina, and Hovenia dulcis Thunb. on the alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal group (n =6), non-treated control group (n =6), saline-treated group (n =6) and the herbal combination extract (HCE-2)-treated group (n =6). The rats in the alcohol-loaded groups were orally administered with ethanol at a daily dose of 4 g/kg-body weight for 5 weeks. Thirty minutes before the ethanol injection, saline or herbal combination extracts was administered by using a gastrogavage. Blood and liver tissue samples were taken out from the hearts and livers of the rats, respectively, on 15th and 38th days. The activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also investigated the protective effect of the herbal combination extracts by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining on histological sections of rat liver. In this study, the oral administration of the herbal combination extracts significantly reduced the serum levels of AST and ALT, which had been raised by alcohol-induced liver injury. Histological analysis and apparent observation of liver also showed the preventive effect of the herbal combination extracts in a chronic alcohol-induced rat model. Theses results revealed that the herbal combination extracts effectively prevented hepatic damage consequent to the chronic exposure to repetitive administration of ethanol and could be used as a primary resource of a health beverage or herbal medicine, alleviating the alcohol-induced hepatic injury and hangover symptoms.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was aimed to histologically evaluate $Silicone^{(R)}$, $Gore-tex^{(R)}$, $AlloDerm^{(R)}$, and $Medpor^{(R)}$ implants for augmentation rhinoplasty after graft in the subperiosteum of mural calvarium respectively. Materials and method: Twenty four male ICR mice were used. $Silicone^{(R)}$, $Gore-tex^{(R)}$, $AlloDerm^{(R)}$, and $Medpor^{(R)}$ were grafted respectively in the subperiosteum of frontal bone. Animals were sacrificed at 1 week, 4 week and 8 week after graft. Histological observation was performed after H&E staining. Results: All groups were healed without any extrusion of implant materials and inflammatory cell infiltration. In Silicone group, $Silicone^{(R)}$ was well enclosed by thin fibrous tissue at 1 week, which became thicker and stable at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. And there was no destruction or resorption of $Silicone^{(R)}$ In Gore-tex group, there was no destruction or resorption of $Gore-tex^{(R)}$. Thin fibrous tissue and cell infiltration from peripheral tissue were observed at 1 week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. In AlloDerm group, $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ was enclosed by fibrous tissue. Cell infiltration was observed at 1 week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. In Medpor group, there was no inflammation, destruction or resorption of $Medpor^{(R)}$ and it was contacted directly to the bone without interposition of fibrous tissue. Porous area was filled by bone or soft tissue. Conclusion: These results suggest that $Gore-tex^{(R)}$, $AlloDerm^{(R)}$, and $Medpor^{(R)}$ graft are more stable than $Silicone^{(R)}$ graft and that $Silicone^{(R)}$, $Gore-tex^{(R)}$, $AlloDerm^{(R)}$ are appropriate for graft on nasal tip and $Medpor^{(R)}$ is appropriate for graft on nasal dorsum.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2015

Purpose: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) therapy has drawn attention, as an alternative to anti-resorptive drugs since PTH accelerates bone density by anabolic action. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of intermittent PTH administration on jaw bones of rat undergone bilateral ovariectomy. Materials and Methods: Nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. PTH group was ovariectomized (OVX) to induce osteoporosis and PTH $30{\mu}g/kg$ was administered 1 week after the surgery. In OVX group, ovariectomy was performed and only vehicle was administered by subcutaneous injection 3 times per week. Control group was subjected to sham surgery. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after the surgery and specimens were obtained from ilium and upper and lower jaw bones. Histological investigation was carried out by using an optical microscope and micro-computed tomography was taken to examine structural property changes in each bone sample. Result: In the ilium, the bone volume ratio (bone volume/total volume, BV/TV) of PTH, OVX and control groups was $53.75%{\pm}7.57%$, $50.61%{\pm}12.89%$, $76.20%{\pm}5.92%$ (P=0.061) and bone mineral density (BMD) was $1.12{\pm}0.09$, $0.88{\pm}0.48$, $1.38{\pm}0.07g/cm^3$ (P=0.061). In the mandible, BV/TV of PTH, OVX and control groups was $64.60%{\pm}12.17%$, $58.26%{\pm}9.63%$, $67.54%{\pm}14.74%$(P=0.670) and BMD was $1.21{\pm}0.17$, $1.19{\pm}0.13$, $1.27{\pm}0.18g/cm^3$ (P=0.587). In the maxilla, BV/TV of PTH, OVX and control groups was $61.19%{\pm}8.92%$, $52.50%{\pm}11.22%$, $64.60%{\pm}12.17%$ (P=0.430) and BMD was $1.20{\pm}0.11$, $1.11{\pm}0.16$, $1.21{\pm}0.17g/cm^3$ (P=0.561). No statistically significant difference was found in any variables in all groups. Histological observation revealed that the ilium in OVX group demonstrated sparsely formed trabecular bones compared with other groups. However, upper and lower trabecular bones did not present significant differences. Conclusion: Intermittent administration of PTH appears to affect the microstructure of rat jaw bones, but statistical significance was not found. However, the measurements in this study partly implicated the possible anabolic effect of PTH in vivo.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 인산칼슘제제인 $MBCP^{(R)}$, $Polybone^{(R)}$을 발치와에 이식 후 치유 양상을 조직학적으로 관찰하는 것이다. 비글견의 소구치를 발치 후 발치와에 골이식재를 이식하였으며, 3개월간의 치유기간을 거친 후 조직표본을 제작하여 현미경으로 치유 양상을 관찰하였다. $MBCP^{(R)}$, $Polybone^{(R)}$은 조직학적으로 비슷한 치유 양상을 보였으며 이물반응이나 염증 반응 없이 신생골 생성을 유도하여 정상적인 치유를 도모하였다. 치유된 조직의 조직 계측학적 평가에서 신생골 비율은 골이식재를 이식하지 않은 대조군이 34.5%, $MBCP^{(R)}$는 28.4%, $Polybone^{(R)}$은 23.8%였으며, 골이식재를 포함한 전체 mineralized tissue의 비율은 각각 34.5%, 42.9%, 37.3% 였다. 이상의 결과에서 $MBCP^{(R)}$, $Polybone^{(R)}$은 발치와에 사용할 골이식재로 가치가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.231-246
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• 2002

[ $CdCl_2$ ]이 간에 미치는 독성에 관한 Squalene의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 30 mg 내외의 웅성 ICR계 mouse에 체중 kg당 5.0 mg의 $CdCl_2$와 체중 kg당 180.0 mg의 SQ를 복강투여하여 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7일째에 절취한 간조직을 SOD 활성도와 투과전자현미경법을 이용하여 관찰한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 간조직에서 SOD 활성도는 Group A가 정상군에 비해 증가를 보였고, Group B는 Group A에 비해 약간의 감소를 나타내었다. 조직학적 관찰에서 Group A의 핵은 불규칙한 모양이 관찰되었고, 미토콘드리아의 내강 팽대와 cristae 파괴가 나타났으며, 조면소포체의 수조 팽대가 관찰되었다. Group B의 핵은 원형을 나타내었으며 미토콘드리아는 약간 팽대되었지만 정상적인 형태를 보였고, 조면소포체의 전형적인 층판구조가 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 SQ 처치가 SOD 활성을 감소시키고 mouse 간세포에 미치는 카드뮴의 독성을 감소시켜 간세포의 회복에 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2003

본 연구는 2002년 2월부터 2003년 1월까지 군산 내항과 충청남도의 서천군 장항읍과 전라북도의 군산시를 연계한 금강하구둑 유역에서 채집된 웅어 , Coilia nasus를 대상으로 산란기를 추정하기 위해 생식소중량지수(GSI), 생식소 발달단계에 따른 생식주기를 조직학적 관찰에 의해 조사하였다. 웅어는 자웅이체이고 난소는 한 쌍의 낭상구조를 하고 있으며 수많은 난소소엽으로 구성되어 있다. 그리고 정소는 한 쌍의 엽상 구조를 하고 있으며 수많은 정소소엽으로 이루어져 있고 후부의 저정낭에 연결되어 있다. 암ㆍ수의 생식소중량지수(GSI)의 월별 변화는 4월에 GSI값이 증가되기 시작하여 난소와 정소가 성숙되고 고수온-장일장이 되는 하계의 6월에 최대에 이른다. 생식주기는 암컷의 경우, 초기성장기(2~3월), 후기성장기(3~4월), 성숙기(5~6월), 완숙 및 산란기(6~7월),회복 및 휴지기(7~l월)의 연속적인 5단계로 구분되었고, 수컷의 경우는 성장기(2~4월), 성숙기(5~7월), 완숙및 방정기(6~7월),회복 및 휴지기(7~l월)의 연속적인 4단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 산란기 난경 빈도분포에 의하면, 웅어는 연중 한번의 산란기를 가지며 한 개체가 최소한 2~3회를 산란하는 다회산란종으로 추정되었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.95-105
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• 2013

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Curcuma longa $L_{INNE}$ pharmacopuncture at $ST_{36}$ on Complete Freund's Adjuvant(CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. Materials and methods : Arthritis was induced by injecting CFA subcutaneously into the left knee joint and paw, and Curcuma longa $L_{INNE}$ pharmacopuncture(CLL-A. $0.0343{\mu}g/kg$; CLL-B. $0.171{\mu}g/kg$; CLL-C. $0.343{\mu}g/kg$) was injected at $ST_{36}$ each other day for 5 times beginning on day 10 after the CFA injection. Paw edema, withdrawal response, hematological, serological and histological observation were assessed. Results : In paw edema volume all 3 groups(CLL-A, CLL-B, CLL-C) showed significant decrease compared to the CFA control group. In withdrawal response to reaction time and withdrawal response to force all 3 groups(CLL-A, CLL-B, CLL-C) showed significant increase compared to the CFA control group. In serum AST, group CLL-C showed significant decrease compared to the CFA control group. In histological observations, in all 3 groups, more normal chondrocytes were observed compared to the CFA control group and safranin O stain showed high positive reaction in the cartilage tissue close to the bone tissue. Conclusions : The results suggest that Curcuma longa $L_{INNE}$ Pharmacopuncture at $ST_{36}$ has a suppressing inflammation effect on Freund's adjuvant arthritis in rats.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.474-484
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• 2007

Purpose: The effect of platelet-rich plasma(PRP) on osteogenesis of marrow-derived osteoblasts on histomorphometric analysis in the mandible of rabbit was assessed. Materials and Method: Bone marrow cells were obtained from iliac bone of rabbits and were cultured in a Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium(DMEM) with Dexamethasone, L-Ascortic acid, ${\beta}$-Glycerophosphate to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts for $4{\sim}5$ weeks. The expression of osteogenic mar-kers was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and silver nitrate stain. Then we prepared bony defects in the mandible of rabbit, 10.0mm in diameter and 4.0mm deep, by trephine bur. In the control group, the defects were filled with autogenous bone and cultured osteoblasts. In the experimental group, the defects were filled with autogenous bone, cultured osteoblasts and PRP. 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks later, each group was evaluated with histological and histomorphometric analyses. Results: In vitro, osteoblasts were identified on RT-PCR and silver nitrate stain. According to histological observation, at 2 weeks well-developed anasto-mosing newly-formed woven bone was observed, at 4 weeks anastomosing newly-formed woven bone having osteoblastic activation was observed, and at 8 weeks thick newly-formed woven bone was observed in both control and experimental groups. According to histomorphometric analysis, there were 1.5% more newly-formed bone volume in experimental group than control group at 2 weeks, 28.4% more at 4 weeks, 4.3% more at 8 weeks. Particularly there were significant differences in bone volume at 4 weeks and 8 weeks new bone. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated PRP may enhance osteogenesis of marrow-derived osteoblasts at 4 weeks, 8 weeks.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.317-326
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• 2006

Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) injected on the rate of new-bone formation for distraction osteogenesis on dogs. Materials & Methods : Twelve adult dogs were randomly selected into two groups of six dogs on each. Unilateral osteotomies were performed on the body of the mandible and an intraoral distractor was mounted to the mandible on dogs. One group was treated with injection of rhBMP-7 and the other group served as the control. RhBMP-7 was administered on the day of surgery by single injection into the medullary bone at the osteotomy gap. Distraction was performed five days after osteotomy as a rate of 0.5 mm twice per day for 10 days. The animals were then sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after completion of the distraction. Two dogs in each group, totaling four dogs, were killed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after completion of distraction, respectively. The lengthened mandibles were harvested and processed for radiographic and histological examinations. In addition, immunohistochemical examination using osteocalcin expression was studied. Results : Radiographs showed accelerated regenerate ossification with maturation of new bone in the rhBMP-7 group comparing with the control group at the 4 weeks of the consolidation. There was no significant difference in the radiographic findings at the 2 weeks and 8 weeks of the consolidation period. Histological findings demonstrated increased bone healing pattern in the rhBMP-7-treated group during all observation period. The expression of osteocalcin immunoreactivity was hardly detected in the normal mandible of dog, but the expression was detected in all experimental rhBMP-7 treated specimens. There were also significant increasing in number of positive immunostaining cells and staining intensity of osteocalcin expression in the rhBMP-7 treated group compared with those of the control group on 2-weeks and 4-weeks. There was a significant decreasing in staining intenstiy of all both two groups on 8 weeks of consolidation period, but significant differences of immunostaining was not seen in two groups. Conclusions : A single injection of rhBMP-7 at the time of osteotomy may stimulate the rate of regenerate ossification and increase callus maturation during distraction osteogenesis. In addition, it may shorten the distraction osteogenesis procedure and decrease the prevalence of complications associated with mandibular distraction osteogenesis.