Browse > Article

Effects of Squalene on SOD Activity and Histological Changes in Liver Toxicity Induced by Cadmium  

Choi, Young-Bok (Dept. of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University)
Kim, Jong-Se (Dept. of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University)
Kim, Jung-Sam (Dept. of Physical Therapy, Mokpo Science College)
Cho, Kwang-Pil (Dept. of Physical Therapy, Mokpo Science College)
Hwang, Koo-Yeon (Dept. of Clinical Pathology, Seokang College)
Park, Jung-Pyung (Animal Experiment Center, College of Medicine, Chosun University)
Publication Information
Applied Microscopy / v.32, no.3, 2002 , pp. 231-246 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of squalene (SQ) on the mouse hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium. ICR male mouse weighting about 30 gm were injected $CdCl_2$ (5.0 mg/kg) and SQ (180 mg/kg) into intraperitoneal. At the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days, livers were treated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and transmission electron microscopical method and then observed with electron microscope. The results obtained were summarized as follows: SOD activity in the liver, Group A was higher than in normal. Group B was lower than in Group A. In the histological observation, nucleus of Group A showed irregular shape. Inner cavity of mitochondria swellen and development of cristae weakened. Swelling of Lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) showed. Nucleus of group B showed normal shape. Typical lamellae of RER were observed. These results described above treatment of SQ decreased the hepatotoxicity of the $CdCl_2$ and SOD activity in the mouse liver, and then it suggests SQ may be effective for the recovery of hepatic cell.
Keywords
Cadmium; Hepatotoxicity; SOD; Squalene;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Almeida JA, Diniz YS, Marques SF, Faine LA, Ribas BO, Burneiko RC, Novelli EL: The use of the oxidative stress responses as biomarkers in Nile Tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to in vivo cadmium contamination. Environ Int. 27(8):673-679, 2002   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Axelsson B, Dahlgren SE, Piscator M: Renal lesions in rabbit after long term exposure to cadmium. Arch Environ Health 17:24-28, 1968   DOI
3 Cook JA, Marconi EA, Di Luzio NR: Lead, cadmium and endotoxin interaction: Effect in moutality and hepatic function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 28:292-302, 1974   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Anderson O: Chelation of cadmium. Environ. Health Perspect 54: 249-266, 1984   DOI
5 Berlin M, Fredricsson B, Linge G: Bone marrow changes in chronic cadmium poisoning in rabbits. Arch Environ Health 3:176-184, 1961   DOI
6 Cantilena JrLR, Klaassen CD: Decreased effectiveness of chelation therapy with time after acute cadmium poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 63-173-180, 1982   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Colucci V, Winge D, Krason J: Cadmium accumulation in rat liver. Arch Environ Health 30:153-157, 1975   DOI
8 Frank L, Massaro D: Oxygen toxicity. Am J Med 69(1)117-126, 1980   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Itokawa Y, Aberg T: Bone changes in experimental chronic cadmium poisoning. Arch Environ Health 26:241-244, 1973   DOI
10 Kostas DS, Shackelford JE, Shechter I, Jing G, Conrad D, Keller GA, Krisans SK: Subcellular localization of squalene syntase in rat hepatic cells. J Biol Chem 268(17):12825-12836, 1993
11 Liu GCK, Ahrens JrEH, Screibman PH, Crouse JR: Measurement of squalene in human tissues and plasma. J Lipid Res 17(1)38-45, 1976
12 Moreau T, lellouch J, Juguet B, Festy B, Oressaud G, Claude JR: Blood cadmium levels in a general male polulation with special reference to smoking. Arch Environ Health 38(3):163-167, 1983   DOI
13 Perry HMJr, Thind GS, Perry EF: The biology of cadmium. Med Clin North Am 60:759-769, 1976   DOI
14 Saint-Leger D, Bague A, Cohen E, Chivot M: A possible role for squalene in the pathogenesis of acne. Brit J Dermatol 114:535-542, 1986   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Suzuki Y, Yoshikawa H: Effects of cadmius injection on Intracellular distribution of essential metals in rat liver. Ind Health 10:93-106, 1972   DOI
16 Schroeder HA, Cadmium as a factor in hypertension. J Chron Dis 18:647-656, 1965   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Shaikh ZA, Lucis OJ: Cadmium and zinc binding in mammalial liver and kidneys. Arch Environ Health 24:419-425, 1972   DOI
18 Shukla GS, Singhal RL: The present status of biological effects of toxic metals in the environment: lead, cadmium and manganese. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 62:1015-1031, 1984   DOI
19 Takenaka S, Oldiges H, Konig H, Hochrainer D, Oberdorster G: Carcinogenicity of cadmium chloride aerosols in W rats. JNCL 70:367-373, 1983
20 Teare FW, Read PR, Pyttel RB, Jasansky PA: Short and long-term cadmium distribution in rat livers after different routes of administration. Arch Environ Health 33:53-58, 1978   DOI
21 Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA: Squalene, methysterol, and cholesterol levels in human organs. Arch Pathol Lab Med 104:35-40, 1980
22 Waalkes MP, Rehm S, Riggs CW, Bare RM, Dever DE, Poirier LA, Wenk ML Henneman Jr, Balaschak MS: Cadmium carcinogenesis in mice Wista [Crl: (WI)BR] rats: Dose-response analysis of tumor induction in the prostate and testes and at the injection site. Cancer Research 48:4566-4663, 1988
23 Perry HMJr Yunice A: Acute pressor effects of intra-arterial cadmium and mercuric ions in anesthetized rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 120:805-808, 1965   DOI
24 Baud, L. and Ardaillou, R: Reactive oxygen species: production and role in the kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 251:F765-776, 1986
25 Fassett DW: Cadmium : Biological effect and occurrence in the environment. Ann Rev Phamacol Toxicol 15:425-435, 1975   DOI
26 Elinder CG, Kjellstrom T, Lind B, Linnman L, Piscator M, Sundstedt K: Cadmium exposure from smoking cigarettes: Variations with time and country where purchased. Environ Res 32:473-487, 1977
27 Lee YO, Cha CW, Rhim KH: A study on the effect of garlic, D-penicillamine and N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine against cadmium poisoning in rat. Korea Univ Med J 23(3):43-52, 1986. (Korean)
28 Ohm HT, Song DB, Cha CW: A study on the protective effect of garlic, DMSA and BAL to cadmium poisoning in rat. Korea Univ Med J 23(1):109-118, 1986. (Korean)
29 Dudley RE, Svoboda DJ, Klaassen CD: Time course of cadmium-induced ultrastructural changes in rat liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 76:150-160, 1984   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Ho YS. Crapo JD: Isolation and characterization of complementary DNAs encoding human manganese containing superoxide dismutase. FEBS Lett 229(2):256-260, 1988   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Stranberg TE, Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA: Metabolic variables of cholesterol during squalene feeding in humans: comparison with cholestyramine treatment. J Lipids Res 31(9)1637-1643, 1990
32 Chiquoine AD: Observation on the early events of cadmium necrosis of the testis. Anat Rec 149:23-26, 1964   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
33 Mctaggart F, Brown GR, Davidson RG, Freeman S, Holdgate GA, Mallion KB, Mirres DJ, Smith GJ, Ward WH: Inhibition of squalene synthase of rat liver by novel 3' substituted equnulidines. Biochem Pharmacol 51(11): 1477-1478, 1996   DOI   ScienceOn
34 McCord. J.M. and Fridovich, I.: Superoxide dismutase: An enzyme function for erythrocuprein(haemocuprein). J Biol Chem 244(22):6049-6055, 1969
35 Goering PL, Klaassen CD: Altered subcellular distribution of cadmium following cadmium pretreatment: Possible mechanism of tolerance to cadmium-induced lethality. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 70:195-203, 1983   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Stowe HD, Wilson M, Goyer RA: Clinical and morphologic effect of oral cadmium toxicity in rabbits. Arch pathol 94:389-405, 1972
37 Hoffman EO, Cook JA, Di Luzio NR, Coover JA: The effect of acute cadmium administration in the liver and kidney of the rat. Lab invest 32(5):655-664, 1975
38 Lewis GP, Jusko WJ, coughlin LL, Hartz S: contribution of cigarette smoking to cadmium accumulation in man. Lancet 1:291-292, 1972
39 Desai KN, Wei H, Lamartiniere CA: The preventive and therapeutic potential of the squalene-containing compound, Roidex, on tumor promotion and regression. Cancer Lett 101(1):93-96, 1996   DOI   ScienceOn
40 owell GW, Miller WJ, Morton JD, Clifton CM: Influence of dietary cadmium level and supplemental zinc on cadmium toxicity in the bovine. J Nutr 84:205-214, 1964. Reynolds ES: The use of citrate at high pH and an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17:208-213, 1963   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Webster WS: Cadmium induced fetal growth retardation in the mouse. Arch Environ Health 33:36-42, 1978   DOI
42 Palamarchuk VI: Characteristics of the radiation-induced changes in the content of sterols and squalene on the lymphoid system tissues and erythrocyte of rats. Radiobiologia 30(3):321-327, 1990
43 Gregory EM, Fridovich I: Induction of superoxide dismutase by molecular oxygen. JBacteriol 114(2):543-548, 1973
44 Mann T, Kellin D: Haemocuprein and heterocuprein, copper-protein compounds of blood and liver in mammals. Proc R Soc London Ser 128:303-315, 1939
45 Fox MRS, Fry BEJr, Harland BA, Schertel ME, Weeks CE: Effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium toxicity in the young coturnix. J Nutr 101:1295-1306, 1971   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Klassen CD, Wong KL: Cadmium toxicity in the newborn rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60:1027-1036, 1981
47 Piscator M: Proteinuria in chronic cadmium poisoning. m An electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic stukies on urinary proteins from cadmium wokers, with special reference to the excretion of low molecular weight proteins. Arch Environ Health 12:335-344, 1966   DOI
48 Parizek J, Zahor Z: Effect of cadmium salts on testicular tissue. Nature 177: 1036-1037, 1956   DOI
49 Gunn SA, Gould TC, Anderson WAD: Protective effect of thiol compounds against cadmium induced vascular damage to testis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122:1036-1039, 1966   DOI
50 Cantilena LR. Klaassen CD: Comparison of the effectiveness of several chelators after a single administration on the toxicity, excretion and distribution of cadmium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 58:452-460, 1981   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA: Dietary squalene increase tissue sterols and fecal bile acid in the rat. Lipids 18:32-36, 1983   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Strom HM, OH SY, Kuner BF, Norton S: Radioprotection of mice by dietary squalene. Lipids 28(6):555-559, 1993   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Dinn W, Frazier M: Protective effect of metallothionein on cadmium toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem J 230:395-402, 1985   DOI
54 Budiarso IT: Fish oil versus olive oil. Lancet 336:1313-1314, 1990   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Frazier JM, Puglese J: Dose dependence of cadmium kinetics in the rat liver following intravenous injection. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 43:461-474, 1978   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Klaassen CD: Effect of metallothionein on hepatic disposition of metals. Am J Physiol 234(1):E47-E53, 1978
57 Thind GS, Karreman G, Stephan KF, et al.: Vascular reactivity and mechanical properties of normal and cadmium hypertensive rabbits. J Lab Clin Med 76:560-568, 1970