• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.61 no.3
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2018

In this study, we verified the 1-1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenge, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenge, elastase, tyrosinase inhibitory effect by using the solvent fractions of Maekmoondong-tang hot water extract. As a result, the ethyl acetate fraction (MW-EA) showed the highest inhibitory activity. In cell-based assays, MW-EA treatment confirmed a 34% ($100{\mu}g/mL$) efficacy in reactive oxygen species inhibitory activity, and at the same concentration, MMPs showed more than 50% inhibition and tyrosinase inhibited 25% ($50{\mu}g/mL$). Therefore Maekmoondong-tang is considered high development potential as a material to improve the skin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.23 no.7
• /
• pp.993-1003
• /
• 2013

Methanotrophs are the most important sink of $CH_4$, which is a more highly potent greenhouse gas than $CO_2$. Methanotrophic abundance and community diversity in cover soils from two typical semi-aerobic landfills (SALs) in China were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time-PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on 16S rRNA genes, respectively. Real time-PCR showed that Type I methanotrophs ranged from $1.07{\times}10^6$ to $2.34{\times}10^7$ copies/g soil and that of Type II methanotrophs from $1.51{\times}10^7$ to $1.83{\times}10^8$ copies/g soil. The ratio of Type II to Type I methanotrophic copy numbers ranged from 5.61 to 21.89, indicating that Type II methanotrophs dominated in SAL. DGGE revealed that Type I methanotrophs responded more sensitively to the environment, changing as the community structure varied with different soil types and locations. Methylobacter, Methylosarcina, and Methylomicrobium for Type I, and Methylocystis for Type II were most prevalent in the SAL cover layer. Abundant interflow $O_2$ with high $CH_4$ concentration in SALs is the reason for the higher population density of methanotrophs and the higher enrichment of Type II methanotrophs compared with anaerobic landfills and other ecosystems, which proved a conclusion that increasing the oxygen supply in a landfill cover layer would greatly improve $CH_4$ mitigation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.309-315
• /
• 2020

Slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) is characterized as one of the most harmful agriculture and food industrial wastewaters due to its high organic content. The emissions of SWW would cause eutrophication of surface water and pollution of groundwater. This study developed a pilot scale anaerobic-aerobic slaughterhouse wastewater treatment process (AASWWTP) to enhance the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal. The optimum supernatant reflux position and ratio for TN removal were investigated through the modified Box-Behnken design (BBD) experiments. Results showed that COD could be effectively reduced over the whole modified BBD study and the removal efficiency was all higher than 98%. The optimum reflux position and ratio were suggested to be 2 alure and 100%, respectively, where effluent TN concentration was satisfied with the forthcoming Chinese discharge standard of 25 mg/L. Anaerobic digestion and ammonia oxidation were considered as the main approaches for COD and TN removal in the AASWWTP. The results of inorganic nutrients (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) indicated that the SWW was suitable for biological treatment and the correspondingly processes such as AASWWTP should be widely researched and popularized. Therefore, AASWWTP is a promising technology for SWW treatment but more research is needed to further improve the operating efficiency.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.196-205
• /
• 2018

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from metabolic reactions cause oxidative DNA damage, which results in oxidative tissue injury. Therefore, there is an increasing demand in the intake of high antioxidant sources in order to maintain a healthy environment in cells. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Malus domestica (apple), Pyrus communis L. (pear), Daucus carota L. (carrot), Brassica oleracea var. (broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage), and Raphanus sativus L. (radish) obtained from the local market. Since these are common fruits and vegetables that are widely consumed, we aimed to investigate their beneficial properties, placing particular emphasis on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The samples were processed via an indirect heating method and their properties were compared to their raw forms. Based on DPPH and ABTS assays, processed samples showed better antioxidant activities when compared to raw samples and processed pear samples exhibited the best antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activities of the samples were also investigated in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, and IL-6) was assessed using RT-PCR. As expected, processed samples exhibited better iNOS inhibition when compared to their raw forms and processed broccoli and cabbage samples exhibited outstanding anti-inflammatory effects. The samples, up to 1 mg/mL concentration, did not exhibit cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells as demonstrated by cell viability assays. Altogether, processed broccoli and cabbage samples exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory properties.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 2014

In this paper, $Al_2O_3$ film deposited by thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) with diluted $NH_4OH$ instead of $H_2O$ was suggested for passivation layer and anti-reflection (AR) coating of the p-type crystalline Si (c-Si) solar cell application. It was confirmed that the deposition rate and refractive index of $Al_2O_3$ film was proportional to the $NH_4OH$ concentration. $Al_2O_3$ film deposited with 5 % $NH_4OH$ has the greatest negative fixed oxide charge density ($Q_f$), which can be explained by aluminum vacancies ($V_{Al}$) or oxygen interstitials ($O_i$) under O-rich condition. $Al_2O_3$ film deposited with $NH_4OH$ 5 % condition also shows lower interface trap density ($D_{it}$) distribution than those of other conditions. At $NH_4OH$ 5 % condition, moreover, $Al_2O_3$ film shows the highest excess carrier lifetime (${\tau}_{PCD}$) and the lowest surface recombination velocity ($S_{eff}$), which are linked with its passivation properties. The proposed $Al_2O_3$ film deposited with diluted $NH_4OH$ is very promising for passivation layer and AR coating of the p-type c-Si solar cell.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.148-151
• /
• 2017

Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which the iron portion of hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen, is oxidized to produce methemoglobin, which increases blood concentration. There are many causes of methemoglobinemia, the most common being food, drugs, and chemicals. A 75-year-old male patient who had taken an herbicide did not notice any nonspecific symptoms. However, after 4 hours, his methemoglobin levels increased to 17.1%, while after 7 hours it increased to 26.5%, at which time intravenous administration of methylene blue 1 mg/kg (an antidote) was started. After a total of five doses of methylene blue at 1 mg/kg due to reactive methemoglobinemia for about 36 hours, the methemoglobin levels increased to 23.7%. Because no more methylene blue could be administered, 10 g of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was administered intravenously. After 82 hours, ascorbic acid 10 g was administered six times for repeated reactive methemoglobinemia. No additional reactive methemoglobinemia was observed. The ventilator and endotracheal tube were successfully removed on day 5 after admission.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 2011

Objectives: Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) are continuously produced at a high rate as a by-product of aerobic metabolism. Since tissue damage by free radical, ROS such as hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$), nitric oxide(NO) increases with age. Several lines of evidence provided that ROS appears to cause to develop aging-related various diseases such as cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular disease. In this study, we have conducted to investigate the pharmacological effects of red ginseng for the development possibility to pharmacopuncture drug sources or healthy aid foods. Methods: For our aims, it was investigated the biological activities of Red Ginseng ethanol extracts (RGEE) by measuring total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and cell viability of MCF 10A and SK-MEL-2 in vitro with MTT assay method. Results: The total polyphenol contents of RGEE was 3.06${\pm}$0.11mg/g in 10mg/ml, the total flavonoid contents of RGEE was 1.35${\pm}$0.01mg/g in same concentration. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was about 80% and that of DPPH activity was 65% in 50mg/ml of RGEE. The cell viability of SKMEL-2, skin cancer cell line was decreased and that of MCF 10A, skin normal cell line was increased. Conclusions: We conclude that RGEE may be useful as potential functional foods or pharmacopuncture drug sources on the diseases induced by oxidant stress.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.452-459
• /
• 2010

This study is aimed to investigate changes of combustion characteristics and heat efficiency when syngas from gasification process using low-rank fuel such as waste and/or biomass is applied partially to an industrial boiler. An experimental study on syngas co-combustion was performed in a 0.7 MW (1 ton steam/hr) water tube boiler using heavy oil as a main fuel. Three kinds of syngas were used as an alternative fuel: mixture gas of pure carbon monoxide and hydrogen, syngas of low calorific value generated from an air-blown gasification process, and syngas of high calorific value produced from an oxygen-blown gasification process. Effects of co-combustion ratio (0~20%) for each syngas on flue gas composition were investigated through syngas injection through the nozzles installed in the side wall of the boiler and measuring $O_2$, $CO_2$, CO and NOx concentrations in the flue gas. When syngas co-combustion was applied, injected syngas was observed to be burned completely and NOx concentration was decreased because nitrogen-containing-heavy oil was partially replaced by the syngas. However, heat efficiency of the boiler was observed to be decreased due to inert compounds in the syngas and the more significant decrease was found when syngas of lower calorific value was used. However, the decrease of the efficiency was under 10% of the heat replacement by syngas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2008

For the safety design and operation of many gas process, it is necessary to know certain explosion limit, flash point, autoignition temperature (AIT) and minimum oxygen concentration of handling substances. Also it is necessary to know explosion limit at high temperature and pressure. In this study for the safe handling of hydrogen, explosion limit and AIT of combustion properties for hydrogen were investigated. By using the literatures data, the lower and upper explosion limits of hydrogen recommended 4.0 vol% and 77.0 vol%. Also the AIT of hydrogen with ignition sources recommended $400^{\circ}C$ at the electrically heated crucible furnace (the whole surface heating) and recommended $640^{\circ}C$ at the local hot surface. The new equations for predicting the temperature and the pressure dependence of the explosion limits of hydrogen are proposed. The values calculated by the proposed equations were a good agreement with the literature data.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.87-104
• /
• 1987

The middle Cretaceous stratigraphec section of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 530 in the Angola Basin is characterized by cyclic interbeds of organic-carbon-rich black shales and organic-carbon-poor red and green claystones, namely the black shale sequence. A number of samples from the black shale sequence were analyzed for the typesand distribution of insoluble sedimentary organic matter(kerogen) in order to give more information on the depositional conditions of the black shales in the Angola Basin. The dominant type of kerogen in the black shale sequence at Site 530 is amorphous organic matter mainly of marine planktonic algal origin. It probably consists of remains of some unfossiliqed dinoflagellates. The cyclic preservation of organic-carbon-rich black shales in the Angola Basin during the mid-Cretaceous could be explained by the low dissolved-oxygen concentration in the warm, saline deep and bottom waters combined with the sluggish circulation within the highly restricted basin, and the periodic high productivity in the surface waters.