• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.23-34
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• 2023

Objectives : We propose a method to disassemble Traditional East Asian Medicine herbal formulas using machine learning. Methods : After creating a model using Byte Pair Encoding(BPE) and G-Score, the model was trained with training data. Afterwards, the learned model was applied to the test data, of which the results were compared with expert opinion. Results : The results acquired through the model were not significantly different from those of modern expert opinions. However, there were cases where the meaning was partially unclear, while there were cases where new knowledge could be obtained through the disassembling process. Conclusions : It is expected that disassembling herbal formulas through the proposed method in this study will help save resources required to understand complex ones.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.637-643
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• 2013

Daesiho-tang (DST), Yijin-tang (YJT), Gyeoneumjisil-hwan (GJH), Ukdam-hwan (UDH), and Sojojung-tang (SJT) have been used to treat hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate whether five formulas were effective for improving obesity in high fat diet (HFD) induced obese mice. The mice were divided into seven groups: (1) a normal diet (ND), (2) a high fat diet (HFD) (3) a HFD plus DST (HFD + DST), (4) a HFD plus YJT (HFD + YJT), (5) a HFD plus GJH (HFD + GJH), (6) a HFD plus UDH (HFD + UDH), or (7) HFD plus SJT (HFD + SJT) at 150 mg/kg/day for 7 weeks. All five formulas treatments significantly lowered blood pressure, final liver weights, and serum total triglyceride levels. The four formulas (HFD+DST, HFD+YJT, HFD+UDH, and HFD+SJT) decreased body weights. Also, HFD+DST, HFD+YJT, and HFD+UDH groups reduced abdominal and epididymal fat weights. The serum LDL-cholesterol levels were decreased in HFD+YJT, HFD+UDH, and HFD+SJT groups compared to the HFD group. These results demonstrate that five formulas ameliorated obesity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.10-24
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• 2021

Objectives: Yongdamsagan-tang (YST) and Paljung-san (PJS) in traditional medicine and finasteride in modern medicine are used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In recent, the use of combination herbal remedies with conventional drugs has been increasing. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs to treat BPH and the influence of herbal formulas on finasteride metabolism. Methods: The inhibitory effects of the herbal formulas and finasteride on the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines were determined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, the influence of herbal formulas on activities of human drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) was assessed using human microsomal enzymes. Results: We observed that YST, PJS and finasteride inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in RAW 264.7 cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of YST on PGE₂ production was calculated to be below 25 ㎍/mL. YST inhibited the activity of uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransterase (UGT) 1A4 with an IC₅₀ value of 49.35 ㎍/mL. The activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and UGT1A1 were inhibited by PJS (IC₅₀ < 100 ㎍/mL, each). Although PJS and YST inhibited the activities of CYP3A4 and UGT1A4, respectively, these formulas may not influence the metabolism of finasteride because the IC₅₀ values of herbal formulas on DMEs are too high to affect metabolism. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the combination of finasteride and YST or PJS might not influence their drug metabolism and that the drugs may have synergistic effects against BPH.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.616-623
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• 2010

Three herbal formulas (Bangpungtongsung-san, Ohyaksungi-san, and Ojeok-san) for wind-cold and heat pain symptom were applied to investigate the immunological activities on antigen (Ag)-specific or Ag-non-specific immune responses in murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. This study was carried out in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and cellular proliferation in mouse splenocytes according to three herbal formulas. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitonially with OVA/aluminium ($100\;{\mu}g/200\;{\mu}g$/mouse) on day 1, 8, and 15. Three herbal formulas were administrated to mice orally for 3 weeks from day 1. On day 22, OVA-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and antibodies (OVA-specific antibodies of the IgG, lgG1, and total IgM classes) in plasma were measured. Ohyaksungi-san increased NO synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Ojeok-san and Ohyaksungi-san significantly enhanced cellular proliferation by LPS and Con A in splenocytes from OVA-immunized mice (p<0.001). Three herbal formulas for wind-cold and heat pain symptom also significantly enhanced plasma OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and total IgM levels compared with the OVA/Alum group. These results suggested that three herbal formulas for wind-cold and heat pain symptom could be used as stimulator of immune response.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.82-97
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• 2016

Objective : The aim of this study was to search and analyze the herbal combinations in formulas used to treat atopic dermatitis in Korean medicine. Methods : Articles on the atopy were searched for from among those registered on the OASIS up to December, 2015. After the articles were reviewed, information on both internal and external formulas for atopy was constructed. Then, the herbal combination in the formulas was analyzed by using frequency distribution, network analysis, and data mining. Results : The combination of 'Saposhnikovia Radix - Schizonepetae Spica' and 'Scutellariae Radix - Phellodendri Cortex ' was mostly used in both internal and external formulas to treat atopy in articles. By using the network analysis and data mining, twelve combinations including ' (Saposhnikovia Radix, Ponciri Fructus Pericarpium) - (Platycodi Radix, Schizonepetae Spica) ' were discovered. Five effective combinations were also searched for external formulas.Conclusions : This study could help researchers to analyze the formulas in various ways. Moreover, the herbal combination in atopy formulas could be used to search for atopy formulas in other databases or make a new prescription.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.101-111
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• 2010

Purpose: To provide the information of efficacy for herbal formulas of high frequency, it was evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect. In many studies, plantderived anti-inflammatory efficacies have been investigated for their potential inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. This study was performed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of herbal formulas of high frequency on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in 25 herbal formula extracts in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro model, using LPS-stimulated macrophages, RAW 264.7 cell line. The productions of nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin(PG)$E_2$, interleukin(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-$\alpha$ were examined in RAW 264.7 cells, in the presence of the herbal formulas. RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with LPS $1\;{\mu}g/mL$ and herbal formulas for 18 hours. As an in vivo, using a rat model of carrageenin-induced paw edema. The paw volume was measured at 2 and 4 hours following carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. Results: 8 kinds of herbal formula inhibited NO production by LPS-stimulated in some concentration, but the effect of NO inhibition is weak. 12 kinds of herbal formula inhibited $PGE_2$ production by LPS-stimulated over the 30%. Among them Gumiganghwal-tang, Sagunja-tang, Samchulkunbi-tang, Insampaedok-san and Hwangryunhaedok-tang inhibited IL-6 production by LPS-stimulated but TNF-$\alpha$ was not inhibited. 12 kinds of herbal formula reduced the carrageenin-induced paw edema in rats. Particularly, 3 kinds of herbal formula(Gumiganghwal-tang, Ssanghwa-tang and Soshiho-tang) were better than indomethacin. Conclusion: These results suggest that Gumiganghwal-tang, Sangunja-tang, Samchulkunbi-tang, Insampaedok-san and Hwangryunhaedok-tang have antiinflammatory activity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.112-123
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• 2010

Objectives: Three yin-tonifying formulae (Ssanghwa-tang, Yukmijihwang-tang and Jaeumganghwa-tang) were applied to investigate their immunological activities on antigen (Ag)-specific or Ag-non-specific immune responses in the murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and in ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. Methods: This study was carried out in nitricoxide (NO) synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells and cellular proliferation in mouse splenocytes in association with three herbal formulas. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitoneally with OVA/aluminum ($100\;{\mu}g/200\;{\mu}g$/mouse) on days 1, 8, and 15. Three herbal formulas were administrated to mice orally for 3 weeks from day 1. On day 22, OVA-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and antibodies (OVA-specific antibodies of the IgG, IgG1, and total IgM classes) in plasma were measured. Results: All three yin-tonifying formulas significantly enhanced cellular proliferation by LPS and Con A in splenocytes from OVA-immunized mice (p<0.001). Also, these herbal formulas all significantly enhanced plasma OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and total IgM levels compared with the OVA/Alum group. Conclusion: These results suggested that the three yin-tonifying formulae could be used as stimulators of immune response.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.119-133
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• 2011

Objectives : This study aimed to reveal the characteristics of formulas in "Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases" by analysis of crude drugs that constitute formulas. Methods : To analyze the formulas, We classified the formulas to presenting symptom classification. And within that categories, the crude drugs in formulas were diagrammatized. Results : After those analyses, we brought a conclusion as like these. 1. The formulas classified into some categories that include chronic consumption disease, parasitization, digestive system disease, febricity, infectious disease, respiratory disease, skin disease, infirmity and etc. 2. We analyzed the characteristic of formulas by categorization of crude drug combination. In this way, we recognized that Qian Yi(錢乙) frequently used cold crude drugs unlike the trend of S$\grave{o}$ng(宋) dynasty doctors. 3. The prescription that described in "Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases" can be found in "Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine(東醫寶鑑)" and the other books on posterity. Conclusions : Through these researches, we verified that Qian Yi affect cold herbal and mineral drugs. This tendency of Qian Yi have an effect on the Nourish yin school. And several decades of formulas of "Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases" contain in part of pediatrics on "Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine". We reconfirmed that Qian Yi affected profound influence on the development of pediatrics and Nourish yin school.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.271-282
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• 2016

Objective : In this study, we compared the antioxidant and anticancer properties of four multi-herbal formulas which were recorded in 'Dongeuibogam': Gilgyung-tang (GGT), Mokdanpi-tang (MDPT), Samso-eum (SSE), Samchulbobi-tang (SCBBT). Methods : We checked antioxidant properties of four multi-herbal formula through total phenolic content, radical scavenging activities, protective effects on genomic DNA oxidation. To investigate anticancer effects, we conducted MTT assay and analyzed morphologic change in A549 non-small lung cancer cells. Results : Total phenolic contents of four multi-herbal formulas were in a rich order of MDPT > SSE > GGT > SCBBT. Especially, MDPT revealed the highest activity than others in all antioxidant experiments. Our results indicated that treatment of those multi-herbal formulas induced growth retardation in A549 cells and MDPT also showed the highest anticancer effect ($IC_{50}=1.374mg/ml$) among them. Conclusions : Our data suggested that MDPT would be a powerful ingredient for lung cancer treatment.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.44-52
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• 2013

Objectives : Samhwangsasim-tang (SST), Hwangryeonhaedok-tang (HHT), Ukgan-san (UGS), Onjunghwadam-hwan (OHH) and Samul-tang (SMT) have been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study was performed to compare the anti-obesity effects of 5 herbal formulas in high fat diet-(HFD) induced obese mice. Methods : The mice were randomly divided into seven groups that were fed a normal diet (ND), a HFD, a HFD plus SST (HFD + SST), a HFD plus HHT (HFD + HHT), a HFD plus UGS (HFD + UGS), a HFD plus OHH (HFD + OHH), or HFD plus SMT (HFD + SMT) at 300 mg/kg/day for 7 weeks. All groups were assayed for body weights, food efficiency ratio (FER), final liver and fat weight and blood biochemical parameters. Results : The increased body weights, food efficiency ratio (FER), and serum total triglyceride were decreased in HFD + OHH group relative to the same measurements in HFD group. Furthermore, the HFD + SST group significantly reduced FER, liver and abdominal subcutaneous fat weight gains, and serum total triglyceride, whereas HDL-cholesterol level was increased compared to HFD group. Conclusions : These results suggested that HFD + OHH and HFD + SST exert anti-obesity effects in HFD-induced obese mice.