• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.111-129
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• 1999

In order to get some basic data to check the environmental sound function against soil and water pollution and the safe vegetable production by korean organic farming where an internationally recognized basic concepts of soil fertility management for organic farming is not practiced and only applying the organic fertilizer to maintain the soil fertility, the chemical characteristics of soils and $NO_{3}^{-}$ content of chinese cabbage and lettuce cultivated by the conventional farming, greenhouse cultivation and organic farming were investigated. The highest value of $NO_{3}^{-}$-N in 0~30cm subsoil among the three different farming systems was found in the subsoil of organic farming and it was 3.6 and 6.6 times higher than those of conventional farming in chinese cabbage and lettuce respectively. $P_2O_5$ accumulation in the rhizosphere by organic farming also showed the highest value. The accumulation of $NO_{3}^{-}$-N and $P_2O_5$ in organic farming soil were similar or even more higher to those of greenhouse cultivation. The $NO_{3}^{-}$ accumulation in the vegetable by organic farming reached 3224ppm for chinese cabbage and 2543ppm for lettuce, and it were 4.7 and 6.4 times higher than those by conventional farming. It was concluded that there is urgently necessary to introduce the main concepts of soil fertility management of the Basic Standard of IFOAM, EU regulation and FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius on organic agriculture(draft) into korean organic agriculture for the operation of environmental sound system and the production of sate vegetable in terms of $NO_{3}^{-}$ content.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2006

Five strains of Korean entomopathogenic nematodes(EPN), steinernematids and heterorhabditids(Steinernama carpocapsae GSN1, Steinernema sp. GSNUS-10, Steinernama sp. GSNUS-14, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang, Heterorhabditis sp. GSNUH-1) were evaluated and tried in petri dish, pot, and vegetable greenhouses for environmentally friendly control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. $LC_{50}$ values of five EPN strains against beet armyworm was different depending on nematode strain and beet armyworm instar. $LC_{50}$ value of Steinernema carpocapse GSN1(GSN1) was 3.8-5.1 infective juveniles(Ijs) in 2nd to 4th instars of beet armyworm. Pathogenicity of five EPN strains against beet armyworm different in nematode strain, concentration, application times, and vegetable species in pot and greenhouse. Steinernema spp. was more effective than Heterorhabditis spp. against beet armyworm. Two or three times of applications of EPN were found to be effective regardless of nematode strain and concentration in pot and greenhouse. ENP showed different reactions on vegetable species. Efficacy of EPN was higher on Chinese cabbage than that on cabbage and kale. GSN1 was one of the most effective nematodes and 100,000 infective juveniles per $m^2$(720,000 Ijs/$7.2m^2=1{\times}10^9$Ijs/ha) resulted in higher mortality in greenhouse.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.288-298
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• 1995

In greenhouse vegetable, the automatic control in cultivating environment has been projected as a national business ; especially a countermeasure against the settlement of UR negotiation. Because it makes possible to manage a large greenhouse with family-hands and to expect the betterment of quality and the increasement of harvest in crops. In the course of carrying the workout, however, there are many problems with the overall control system with computers as well as the individual systems for environment control because of hardware and software problems : especially the shortage of data for development of the system is most serious. Among the many problems for development of the automatic control system, the automations of irrigation, liquefied fertilizer and chemical solution, mixing and ventilation, etc and the development of the general automatic controller system for environment control in greenhouse are studied, which requires a lot of tabors. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. In moisture control by the soil moisture meter, the error was shown 10 % in the beginning irrigation point and 19 % in the stop irrigation point. 2. The supply of liquefied fertilizers with the irrigation system was excellent by setting the operating time and the mixing ratio. 3. The developed chemical spraying system was operated well, but not perfect in nozzle positions. 4. The cucumber was cultivated properly with the trickle irrigation system. 5. The developed controller for the automatic control system in greenhouse was remarkable in the part of hardware, but more researches are needed in the part of software.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.399-403
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• 2021

Stem blight symptoms were observed in greenhouse-grown bottle gourds (Lagenaria siceraria) in Wanju, Korea. Infected plants showed leaf chlorosis and wilting; the plants eventually died with the infected leaves remaining attached, and black sclerotia formed on the diseased stem. Based on the morphological characteristics and pathogenicity results and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-α, β-tubulin, and calmodulin regions, the isolated fungus was Macrophomina phaseolina. This is the first report of charcoal rot in Lagenaria siceraria caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Korea.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 1992

In order to verify the usability of the greenhouse for aquaculture with nutrient culture synchronously and to obtain the fundamental data fir the establishment of efficient farming technology, the characteristics of microclimate and the growth of leafy vegetables were examined. Tilapia averaged 428.6 g grew to 784 g(1.83 times) for 147 days from May 29 to Oct. 21 and fingerlings averaged 12.9 g grew by 1.37 times for 61 days from Sep. 13 to Nov. 12. The growth of vegetables such as water dropwort, leaf lettuce, Chinese cabbage, and Welsh onion in the greenhouse was better for aquaculture with nutrient culture than for nutrient culture only. Between above two greenhouses, pH and EC of nutrient solution was same but the temperature different by about 2$^{\circ}C$. Average day temperature, relative humidity, and $CO_2$ concentration were higher by 2.9$^{\circ}C$, 6%, and 200 ppm in the greenhouse for aquaculture with nutrient culture, respectively. Net assimilation rate of vegetables in the greenhouse was a little higher for aquaculture with nutrient culture than for nutrient culture only. Therefore, provided aquaculture and nutrient culture are carried out in the same greenhouse, the saving effect of heating cost as well as the additional promotive effects of vegetable and tilapia growth can be obtained.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.149-165
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• 1996

In order to get some basic datas on environmental friendly funtion against soil and water pollution and safe vegetable production by organic farming, chemical characteristics of soils cultivated by the conventional farming, greengouse cultivation and organic farming and acumulation of NO3--N in chinese cabbage and lettuce were analysed. The highest value of NO3--N in 0-30cm subsoil of organic farming was found among the 3 different farming systems, and it was 3.6 and 6.6 times higher than those of conventional farming in chinese cabbage and lettuce respectively. P2O5 also show high accumulation in the rhizosphere of organic farming compared to convnetional farming. The accumulation of NO3--N and P2O5 in the rhizosphere of organic farming were simial to those of greenhouse cultivation. The NO3- accumulation in chinese cabbage and lettuce by organic farming reach 3224ppm in chinese cabbage and 2543ppm in lettuce and it were 4.7 and 6.4 times higher than those of convnetional farming. It is urgently necessary to introduce the basic standard of IFOAM, EU and FAO/WHO Codex on organic agriculture into korean organic agriculture for operation of environmental friendly system and production of safe vegetable in terms of NO3-.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.52-55
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of continuous lateral shoot pinching and gradual adjustment of drip irrigation lines in improving plant health as well as fruit yield and quality in white-spined cucumber grown in the greenhouse. Grafted white-spined cucumber seedlings were established at a density of 18,000 plants per ha in a greenhouse. Main stems were pinched at 21st node. Each of the lateral shoots was pinched at the 3rd node and 2-3 fruits per lateral shoot were harvested. Drip irrigation lines were gradually adjusted to provide water to the area of maximum root concentration. Plants grown with these combined treatments produced $55\%$ more lateral shoots and 38% more marketable yield, as compared to the control.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2014

In India, disposal of vegetable market waste along with municipal solid waste in landfills or dumpsites is creating much nuisance in terms of odor nuisance, leachate production, and greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere. Therefore, vegetable waste with high biodegradable and nutrient content is composted in a 550-L batch scale rotary drum composter to study the degradation process and its compost properties for its potential reuse as high quality compost. A total 150 kg of working volume was fixed for composting studies with two different ratios, trial A (6:3:1) of C/N 24 and trial B (8:1:1) of C/N 30, respectively. A maximum of $63.5^{\circ}C$ and $61.2^{\circ}C$ was observed in trials A and B; an average of $55^{\circ}C$ for more than 5 days, which helped in the degradation of organic matter and reduction of total and fecal coliform. The temperature dropped suddenly after the thermophilic stage in trial B, and leachate was observed due to insufficient amount of bulking agent. Mesophilic bacteria dominated during the initial stages of composting, and reduced considerably during the thermophilic stage. During the thermophilic stage, the rise in spore-forming organisms, including spore-forming bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and streptomycetes, increased and these were predominant until the end of the composting process. By examination, it was observed that moisture and leachate production had adverse effects on the compost parameters with higher loss of micronutrients and heavy metals.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 2001

A survey of 43 soil samples collected from southern Korea has shown that nematophagous fungi occurred in a variety of habitats. Nine predatory and two endoparasitic species were isolated. Habitats were classified into four types, i. e., mountain, upland, paddy field and greenhouse. Of these, greenhouse and upland had the highest incidence of nematophagous fungi $(95{\sim}100%)$ compared with mountain (37.5%) and paddy field (16.7%). The most common species was Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres., which was isolated from 25.5% of soil samples. Net forming species were the most abundant (72.5%), followed by constricting ring (10.0%), adhesive hyphae (7.8%), endoparasitic fungi (5.0%), and adhesive knob (4.8%). Nematophagous fungi were isolated move frequently from cultivated soil rather than uncultivated mountainous soil.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.127-131
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• 2016

Unusual mushrooms were observed in strawberry and sweet pepper greenhouses in the Hwasun area of Korea in September 2015. The mushrooms usually grew on beds in the greenhouses, frequently along with vegetables. The identity of the mushrooms in the greenhouses and effects of the mushrooms on the growth and quality of vegetables were investigated. Mushroom specimens collected were identified based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. The mushroom specimens collected from the strawberry greenhouse were identified as Leucocoprinus birnbaumii and L. ianthinus, and those from the sweet pepper greenhouse as Gymnopilus lepidotus. These were the first observations of L. ianthinus and G. lepidotus in Korea. The results revealed that the mushrooms originated from coco peat media used for the beds in the greenhouses. The mushrooms did not affect the growth and quality of the two vegetables.