• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.376-386
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore the learning progression of logical thinking in acid and base chemical reactions and to evaluate its validity. For this purpose, we collected 387 participants in 9 schools of elementary, middle and high schools nationwide. The questionnaire developed in this study was composed of nine items. The questionnaire presented the acid and base reactants and products, and the students pictured their thoughts on how these substances change, and answered the reasons of their thoughts. Situation contexts of the questionnaire were divided into two groups: one kind of solute dissolved in a solvent, and two kinds of solute dissolved in a solvent. In this study, six levels of learning progression were assumed by combining material conservation logic, combination logic, proportion logic, and particle number conservation logic. By analyzing the data, Infit and Outfit values of Person reliability, Item reliability, MNSQ and ZSTD were obtained from the Rasch model. As a result of the analysis of data, it was found that lower levels of learning progression prevailed up to the younger grade students till $8^{th}$ grade. The higher levels of learning progression(Level 2~Level 5) prevailed up to the older grade students. However, higher levels of learning progression dropped sharply in Grade 12. The 5 level of learning progression was very low in all grades, and $9^{th}$ grade had highest percentage of students belonging to the 5 level. Interpretation of these unusual results suggests a future research related to explanation differences of textbooks.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8579-8587
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• 2016

Background: The molecular mechanisms linking breast cancer progression and inflammation still remain obscure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association of angiopoeitin like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) and its regulatory factor, hypoxia inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$), with the inflammatory markers nuclear factor kappa B/p65 (NF-${\kappa}B$/P65) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-$1{\beta}$) in order to evaluate their role in inflammation associated breast cancer progression. Materials and Methods: Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) mRNA expressions were evaluated using quantitative real time PCR and its protein expression by immunohistochemistry. DNA binding activity of NF-${\kappa}B$/P65 was evaluated by transcription factor binding immunoassay. Serum levels of ANGPTL4, HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ were immunoassayed. Tumor clinico-pathological features were investigated. Results: ANGPTL4 mRNA expressions and serum levels were significantly higher in high grade breast carcinoma ($1.47{\pm}0.31$ and $184.98{\pm}18.18$, respectively) compared to low grade carcinoma ($1.21{\pm}0.32$ and $171.76{\pm}7.58$, respectively) and controls ($0.70{\pm}0.02$ and $65.34{\pm}6.41$, respectively), (p<0.05). Also, ANGPTL4 high/moderate protein expression was positively correlated with tumor clinico-pathological features. In addition, serum levels of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ as well as NF-${\kappa}B$/P65 DNA binding activity were significantly higher in high grade breast carcinoma ($148.54{\pm}14.20$, $0.79{\pm}0.03$ and $247.13{\pm}44.35$ respectively) than their values in low grade carcinoma ( $139.14{\pm}5.83$, $0.34{\pm}0.02$ and $184.23{\pm}37.75$, respectively) and controls ($33.95{\pm}3.11$, $0.11{\pm}0.02$ and $7.83{\pm}0.92$, respectively), (p<0.001). Conclusion: ANGPTL4 high serum levels and tissue expressions in advanced grade breast cancer, in addition to its positive correlation with tumor clinico-pathological features and HIF-$1{\alpha}$ could highlight its role as one of the signaling factors involved in breast cancer progression. Moreover, novel correlations were found between ANGPTL4 and the inflammatory markers, IL-$1{\beta}$ and NF-${\kappa}B$/p65, in breast cancer, which may emphasize the utility of these markers as potential tools for understanding interactions for axes of carcinogenesis and inflammation contributed for cancer progression. It is thus hoped that the findings reported here would assist in the development of new breast cancer management strategies that would promote patients' quality of life and ultimately improve clinical outcomes. However, large-scale studies are needed to verify these results.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2018

Using data from the Panel Study on Korean Children, this study investigated whether children with high levels of problem behaviors adjusted more poorly on the $1^{st}-grade$ than children with low levels of problem behaviors, and whether there was evidence of intra-individual stability in behavior problems over time. Data were analyzed by use of the Latent Growth Model and group differences analyses. Three findings were noteworthy. First, there was evidence of intra-individual and inter-individual variability in behavior problems between poor- and non-poor household children. Second, children with higher initial levels of internalizing and externalizing behaviors at 4 years had lower school readiness scores at 6 years. Finally, children with lower levels of school readiness at 6 years had lower school adjustment scores in $1^{st}$ grade. The results discuss implications for future research and policies for preschool children. With mediating effect of school readiness, developmental trajectories of child's problem behavior have been found to be predictors of delayed achievements in school. The results show that intervention programs are necessary for children with high levels of problem behavior. This study also showed that children who experienced poverty at home could have more difficulties in school readiness and school adjustment.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.360-374
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the self-perceptions of the elementary school students' on the affective, behavioral and cognitive domains in science class. To see if there are differences in students' perceptions according to grade levels, a self-perception questionnaire was applied to third and fifth grade students in Seoul, Korea. The major results of the study are as follows. First, the perception level of the affective domain was higher than that of the cognitive domain in third grade students. There was no significant difference in the self-perception level of the fifth grade students. Both third and fifth grade students perceived the greatest improvement in the cognitive domain through one year of science teaching. Second, in the life science class, the same tendency was also observed. The students in the third and fifth grade reported that cognitive domains were the most improved through the one-year life science class. Third, when the students' perceptions were compared by grades, the third grade students showed higher self-perception scores than fifth grade students. As the grade increased, the perception scores of the students' lowered. Based on these findings, implications for science education research and teaching and learning at school are discussed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.35-52
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare college students' emoticon use for positive behavior and to analyze the impact of the factors. This study is consisted of 66 questions based on Social demographic characteristics, personality characteristics factors and both scales of emotional expression. The operational test was administered to 340 college students. In an effort to calibrate emoticon use of positive behavior, the results displayed significance differences depending on the gender and grade of the students. Women used more emoticons than men, and freshman used more emoticons than any other year of students. Women used more emoticons such as texts, images, and flash more than men. Students in their freshman year were shown to use more emoticons than students in other grade levels. Emotional expression was strongly related man with personality traits of integrity. Personality traits of sensitivity, openness, intimacy, and sincerity had a significant influence on the emotional expression. An emoticon is, therefore, be a useful tool to express their emotions. Male and female students with higher levels of congeniality had expressed more emotions that were self-defence ambivalent and concerned-relation ambivalent. However, in the case of the female students, those with higher levels of self-defence ambivalent emotional expressiveness had a lower usage of positive emoticons, while male students with higher levels of self-defence emotional expressiveness used more positive emoticons. Higher levels of congeniality among groups that use mobile emoticons with their parents, whether the frequency of use was high or low, were associated with higher levels of self-defence ambivalence and concerned-relation ambivalence. Those with higher levels of sincerity had low levels of self-defence ambivalence and concerned-relation ambivalence, and those with higher levels of concerned-relation ambivalence had higher levels of positive emoticon usage.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.483-500
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• 2019

This study compared and analyzed the van Hiele levels of geometry contents in middle school mathematics textbooks and those of students' thinking. As the mathematics curriculum was revised recently, the amount of contents in the geometry area were reduced, but the van Hiele level did not change much, and the gap between the van Hiele level of geometric contents presented in the textbooks and the level of students' geometric thinking still remained unchaged. The van Hiele levels of the geometric contents in the textbooks were distributed in the levels of 1, 2, 3 in the first grade, and 2, 3, 4 in the second and third grade. In the case of the first grade, 69% of the students were less than or equal to level 2, and 73.7% and 47.6% of the students in the second and third grades were less than or equal to level 3, respectively. Especially, in the case of the second and third grade, the ratio of the 4th level of the contents presented in the textbook is higher than the problem, which can cause difficulties for the students.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.431-449
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• 2021

Elementary mathematics textbooks present contents for enhancing problem solving competency. Still, teachers find teaching problem solving to be challenging. To understand the supports textbooks are suggesting, this study examined tasks from the challenging/thinking and inquiry mathematics. We analyzed 288 mathematical activities based on an analytic framework from the 2015 revised mathematics curriculum. Then, we employed latent class analysis to classify 83 mathematical tasks as a new approach to categorize tasks. As a result, execution of the problem solving process was emphasized across grade levels but understanding of problems was varied by grade levels. In addition, higher grade levels had more opportunities to be engaged in collaborative problem solving and problem posing. We identified three task profiles: 'execution focus', 'collaborative-solution focus', 'multifaceted-solution focus'. In Grade 3, about 80% of tasks were categorized as the execution profile. The multifaceted-solution was about 40% in the thinking/challenging mathematics and the execution profile was about 70% in Inquiry mathematics. The implications for developing mathematics textbooks and designing mathematical tasks are discussed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.455-465
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• 2022

Purpose: Periodontal diseases are inflammatory conditions that alter the host's response to microbial pathogens. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease that affects the incidence and severity of periodontal diseases. This study investigated the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34) in patients with stage III grade C periodontitis (SIII-GC-P) and stage III grade C periodontitis with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (SIII-GC-PD). Methods: In total, 72 individuals, including 24 periodontally healthy (PH), 24 SIII-GC-P, and 24 SIII-GC-PD patients, were recruited for this study. Periodontitis patients (stage III) had interdental attachment loss (AL) of 5 mm or more, probing depth (PD) of 6 mm or more, radiographic bone loss advancing to the middle or apical part of the root, and tooth loss (<5) due to periodontal disease. Radiographic bone loss in the teeth was also evaluated; grade C periodontitis was defined as a ratio of the percentage of root bone loss to age greater than 1.0. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), presence of bleeding on probing (BOP), PD, and clinical AL were used for clinical periodontal assessments. GCF samples were obtained and analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: All clinical parameters-PD, AL, GI, BOP, and PI-were significantly higher in the SIII-GC-PD group than in the PH and SIII-GC-P groups for both the full mouth and each sampling site (P<0.05). The total IL-34 and CSF-1 levels were significantly higher in the SIII-GC-PD group than in the PH and SIII-GC-P groups (P<0.05), and there were significant differences between the periodontitis groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that IL-34 and CSF-1 expression increases in patients with SIII-GC-PD. CSF-1 was associated with the inflammatory status of periodontal tissues and T2DM, while IL-34 was associated only with T2DM.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 2022

Using a person-centered approach, the current study investigated latent profiles for the emotional and behavioral problems of students in sixth-grade in elementary school and second grade of middle school. The aim was to explore latent transition patterns and verify the factors affecting the transitions. The participants were 1,937 adolescents who responded to the 3^rd year (6^th grade of elementary school; Time 1), 4^th year (1^st grade of middle school), and 5^th year (2^nd grade of middle school; Time 2) of the Korean Children Youth Panel Study. Latent profile and latent transition analyses were performed. The results were as follows: first, the latent profile of emotional and behavioral problems changed from Time 1 to Time 2. The latent groups at Time 1 were classified into low, moderate, high, and externalizing-dominant, whereas at Time 2, five groups were identified: low, moderate, high, externalizing-dominant, and withdrawal-dominant. Second, transition analyses revealed that although 22.3-57.0% of latent groups remained unchanged, there were significant changes over time between groups, as a new group ('withdrawal-dominant') emerged in Time 2. Third, different factors influenced the latent profile transition of emotional and behavioral problems depending on the transition pattern. Higher levels of self-esteem, better relationships with peers and teachers, and lower levels of parental inconsistency meant emotional and behavioral problems had not worsened at Time 2. The results suggest that early interventions are needed during the transition from childhood to early adolescence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.986-993
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare stress levels of elementary students according to three regional levels: a large city, a medium-sized city, and a rural area. Methods: This was a descriptive comparative survey using a convenience sample of 1,161 5th-and 6th-grade students. The stress level was measured by a stress scale that consisted of 65 items regarding personal characteristics, family, school, and peer factors. The data were analyzed by ${\chi}^2-test$, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression using the SPSS 10.0 statistical program. Results: Overall, the mean stress scores reported by the participants were near the middle of a 5-point scale and the level of family-related stress was highest, followed by peer, school, and individual-related stress. Sixth-graders and female students showed higher stress levels than 5th-graders and male students, respectively. The participants reporting unsatisfaction with their lives and those living in large cities tended to have significantly higher stress levels. Conclusion: Grade, gender, life satisfaction, and regional levels were all significant factors associated with high stress levels among elementary students. Development of stress management programs for this specific population, especially targeting students who are female and living in large cities, is needed.