• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.248-256
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• 1998

We had already reported that we purified N-${\beta}$-alanyl-5-S-glutathionyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (5-S-GAD), a novel antibacterial substance from the immunized adult Sarcoph aga peregrina (Flesh fly). We found that the antibacterial activity of synthetic 5-S-GAD is equal to that of authentic 5-S-GAD without a specificity of antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative. Significant synergism was detected between 5-S-GAD and streptomycin against streptomycin resistant strain E.coli K12 594. It has an antitumor activity against several tumor cell lines at a concentration of $100{\mu}M$. However, no cytotoxic activity against murine macrophage was detected at a concentration of $500{\mu}M$. Furthermore, haemolytic activity against sheep erythrocytes was not detected at the same concentration. We suggest that the S-conjugation of glutathion with dihydroxyphenylalanine might be important to increase antibacterial activity of dihydroxyphenylalanme.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1534-1542
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• 2007

In this study, the liver protective effect of the hot water extracts of Scutellaria radix (SR) was investigated. The SR exhibited a hepatoprotective activity against $CCl_4$-induced liver damage in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Chang cell. And the SR also showed significant decrease of malodialdehyde (MDA) and increase of glutathion (GSH), catalase activity in rat liver homogenate. The expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), measured by RT-PCR and western blot, was significantly decreased in the SR treated SD rats and Chang cell. But $CCl_4$ and SR has no significant effect on 1A1 and 3A1 isoform of cytochrome P450. Based on these findings, it is suggested that hepatoprotective effects of SR possibly related to antioxidative effects and downregulation of CYP2E1 expression.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 2001

Oxidative stress is one of the major limiting factor in plant productivity. Reactive oxygens species (ROS) generated during metabolic processes damage cellular functions and consequently lead to disease, senescence and cell death. Plants have evolved an efficient defense system by which the ROS is scavenged by antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Attempts to reduce oxidative damages under the stress conditions have included the manipulation of 갠 scavenging enzymes by gene transfer technology. Increased SOD activities of transgenic plants lead to increased resistance against oxidative stresses derived from methyl viologen (MV), and from photooxidative damage caused by high light and low temperature. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing APX showed reduced damage following either MV treatment of photooxidative treatment. Overexpression of glutathion reductase (GR) leads to increase in pool of ascorbate and GSH, known as small antioxidant molecules. These results indicate through overexpression of enzymes involved in ROS-scavenging could maintain or improve the plant productivities under environment stress condition. In this study, the rational approaches to develop stress-tolerant plants by gene manipulation of antioxidant enzymes will be introduced to provide solutions for the global food and environmental problems in the $21^\textrm{st}$ century.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.1134-1139
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of four kinds of tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts on the antioxidant defense systems as well as the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in ethanol administered ICR mice. According to the results, treatment with puerh tea significantly increased the superoxide dismutase activity and glutathion reductase activity in liver. In addition, the group treated with oolong tea exhibited higher superoxide dismutase activity and glutathion reductase activity in serum than those of puerh tea, green tea and black tea treated groups. The oolong tea and puerh tea also reduced malondealdehyde contents in both liver and serum. These results suggested that puerh tea and oolong tea were the most effective against alcohol-induced oxidative damage among the Camellia sinensis teas. On the other hand, in the measurement of alcohol break-down enzyme activities, the group treated with green tea exhibited the highest hepatic ADH and ALDH activities, suggesting that the group treated with green tea might be useful for alcohol down-regulation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.5-10
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• 1966

The relationships between tumor score and peroxidase activities of tomato stems infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A6Kl, B6, T372 11BNV6, 11BV7 and wounded stem as a control were examined in relation to crown gall tumor development on purpose to study the lignification of tumor tissue which is affected to the development of crown gall tumor. As the previous paper has been mentioned the fact that the induction of tumor tissues were inhibited or limited in the lignified stem of host plant. It was presumed that the activities of peroxidase related to the development of lignification were decreased during the period of tumor development. But the experimental result in this experiment shows that the peroxidase activities of crown gall tumor-tissues infected with the A. tumefaciens strains which are already known as virulent are increasing during four weeks, however, in the strain 11BNV6 and wound the peroxidase activities are decreasing on the second week after the inoculation of the bacteria strains. These results could be explained on the basis of that possible regulatory agents of lignification which were accumulated in tumor tissues, IAA, ascorbic acid, glutathion(GSH) and caffeic acid esters, were postulated to act as antioxidants which has been suggested by Stafford. Total nitrogen contents in relation to crown gall tumor development were determined for the detection of protein synthesis related to the enzyme activities which are increasing in the time of plant growth. Generally six groups are contained the largest amount of nitrogen on the second week after the inoculation of the bacterium. Comparing to the tumor score, it is presumed that the all of enzyme activities including peroxidase in tumor tissues are increasing from the second week through the third week after the inoculation of bacterium and the protein synthesis is stimulated under the most appropriated temperature during the above periods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2009

This study describes the manufacturing method of antioxidant filter and evaluate the reduction of free radical and biological activity from mainstream smoke. When we used spray-brush for the application of antioxidant solution to the filter, cv(coefficient of variation) levels of antioxidant added to filter ranged within 3 %, which means stable and constant feeding process. 0.3~0.5mg per cigarette of antioxidant were sprayed to acetate and active carbon part in the filter plug, respectively. It was considered that the use of antioxidant added filter resulted in the reduction of the gaseous compounds of free radicals from 17 % to 19 % in the mainstream smoke. Variation for removal efficiency of free radical in antioxidant filter added to acetate part was more pronounced than that of filter added to active carbon part. Smoking deliveries of tar, nicotine for the antioxidant added filters were similar when comparing to the non-antioxidant added filter, but the delivering amounts of isoprene were significantly reduced. The estimation of consumed GSH(glutathion) showed that the gaseous toxicity of the antioxidant added filter was 14 % ~ 23 % lower than that of non-antioxidant added filter. No significant differences were observed for the total taste quality in sensory evaluation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1415-1423
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• 2007

Carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury depends on a toxic agent that has to be metabolized by the liver NAPDH-cytochrome P450 enzyme system to a highly reactive intermediate. Alternations in the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes affect the susceptibility to hepatic injury from $CCl_4$. In this study, we evaluated the potential protective activity of the traditional Korean medicinal herb, Corni fructus (CF), against an experimental model of hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$. The CF exhibited a hepatoprotective activity against $CCl_4-induced$ liver damage in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, as measured by GOT, GPT, ALP and histological observation. The CF also showed significant decrease of malodialdehyde (MDA) and increase of glutathion (GSH), catalase activity in rat liver homogenate. In addition, the expression of CYP2E1, as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis, was significantly decreased in the liver of CF treated SD rats. But $CCl_4$ and CF has no significant effect on 1A1 and 3A1 isoform of cytochrome P450. Based on these findings, it is suggested that hepatoprotective effects of CF possibly related to antioxidative effects and regulation of CYP2E1 expression.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 1999

To evaluate an effect of growth periods on the bromobenzene-induced liver damage, bromobenzene was administrated to 5-week-old rats and 10-week-old rats pretreated with bromobenzene 5 times every other day for 10 days and then the animals were sacrificed. The results were obtained as follows; The increasing rate of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, xanthine oxidase activity, hepatic lipid peroxide contents, liver weight per body weight (％) and decreasing rate of hepatic contents of protein to each control group were higher in 10-week-old rats than 5-week-old rats by the pretreatment of bromobenzene. According to the above results, 10-week-old rats indicated more severe liver injury than 5-week-old those in case of bromobenzene pretreatment. On the other hand, hepatic aniline hydroxylase activity was more increased in 10-week-old rats than 5-week-old rats both in control and bromobnezene pretreated rats where as the reverse in hepatic glutathione S-transferase. In case of hepatic GSH determination at the intervals of 2, 4, 8, 24 hours throughout 24 hr after administration of single dose of bromobenzene to 5-week-old and 10-week-old rats both in control and bromobnezene pretreated, the rate of GSH utilization was lower in 10-week-old rats than 5-week-old rats. In conclusion, from the above experimental, it is deduce that the 10-week-old rats showed more severe liver injury than 5-week-old rats by the bromobenzene treatment because the disposal ability of bromobenzene in liver was lower in 10-week-old rats than 5-week-old rats.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.407-413
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of a beverage that contained Bulnesia sarmienti(BSP, 2.5%) on rats to which alcohol was administered. The treatment of the BSP group reduced the serum alcohol concentration to 52%, compared to 47% in the positive control(PC) group. Similar pattell1s were observed in the enhancement of alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH), alkaline phosphate(ALP), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), asparate aminotransferase(AST), total cholesterol(CHOL), ${\gamma}$-glutamyltrasferase(GGT), glucose(GLU), total bilirubin, and total protein(TP) in the serum. Also, in the BSP group, the lipoxidase(LPO), glutathion-S-transferase(GST), XO, catalase(CAT), and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were significantly reduced, compared to the CO and PC groups in the liver. The glutathione(GSH) activity increased in the BSP group, though. These results indicate that Bulnesia sarmienti extract can enhance alcohol metabolization activity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.167-173
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• 2000

For selective elimination of salt from boiled oyster extract (BOE), electrodialyzer was used and the desalination conditions of B BOE were investigated. The ion-exchange membrane with a molecular weight cut off 100 Da was used for desalting of B BOE. The desalination efficiency at pH 4.0 was 13% higher than that at pH 9.0 when BOE was desalted for 90min. The e electrodialysis pro$\infty$ss could remove above 90% of the initial salt content when 5% BOE was desalted at pH 5.62 for 1 100min. The initial volume and concentration of permeation solution did not have significant effects on desalination time and r ratio. The important factors for the desalination of BOE were found to be pH and concentration of BOE. The results obtained prove that electrodialysis is a practical solution to the problem of selective elimination of salt from BOE.