• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2024

Background: Plant health is directly related to the change in native microbial diversity and changes in soil health have been implicated as one of the main cause of root rot. However, scarce information is present regarding allelopathic relationship of Panax notoginseng root exudates and pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum in a continuous cropping system. Methods: We analyzed P. notoginseng root exudate in the planting soil for three successive years to determine phenolic acid concentration using GC-MS and HPLC followed by effect on the microbial community assembly. Antioxidant enzymes were checked in the roots to confirm possible resistance in P. notoginseng. Results: Total 29 allelochemicals in the planting soil extract was found with highest concentration (10.54 %) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The HPLC showing a year-by-year decrease in p-hydroxybenzoic acid content in soil of different planting years, and an increase in population of F. oxysporum. Moreover, community analysis displayed negative correlation with 2.22 mmol. L^-1 of p-hydroxybenzoic acid correspond to an 18.1 % population of F. oxysporum. Furthermore, in vitro plate assay indicates that medium dose of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2.5-5 mmol. L^-1) can stimulate the growth of F. oxysporum colonies and the production of macroconidia, as well as cell wall-degrading enzymes. We found that 2-3 mmol. L^-1 of p-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly increased the population of F. oxysporum. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study suggested that p-hydroxybenzoic acid have negative effect on the root system and modified the rhizosphere microbiome so that the host plant became more susceptible to root rot disease.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2024

Background: Epimers of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) have a low bioavailability and are prone to deglycosylation, which produces epimers of ginsenoside Rh2 (S-Rh2 and R-Rh2) and protopanaxadiol (S-PPD and R-PPD). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and potency of these molecules as anti-cancer agents. Methods: Crystal violet staining was used to study the anti-proliferatory action of the molecules on a human epithelial breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and compare their potency. Cell death and cell cycle were studied using flow cytometry and mode of cell death was studied using live cell imaging. Anti-angiogenic effects of the drug were studied using loop formation assay. Molecular docking showed the interaction of these molecules with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) and aquaporin (AQP) water channels. VEGF bioassay was used to study the interaction of Rh2 with VEGFR2, in vitro. Results: HUVEC was the more sensitive cell line to the anti-proliferative effects of S-Rh2, S-PPD and R-PPD. The molecules induced necroptosis/necrosis in MDA-MB-231 and apoptosis in HUVEC. S-Rh2 was the most potent inhibitor of loop formation. In silico molecular docking predicted a good binding score between Rh2 or PPD and the ATP-binding pocket of VEGFR2. VEGF bioassay showed that Rh2 was an allosteric modulator of VEGFR2. In addition, SRh2 and PPD had good binding scores with AQP1 and AQP5, both of which play roles in cell migration and proliferation. Conclusion: The combination of these molecules might be responsible for the anti-cancer effects observed by Rg3.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.131-142
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• 1975

재식위치(栽植位置)에 따른 인삼(人蔘)의 주요량적(主要量的) 형질(形質)의 변이(變異)를 구명(究明)하고 형질상호간(形質相互間)의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 4열(列) 6열(列) 및 8열재식포장(列栽植圃場)의 인삼(人蔘)을 조사분석(調査分析)하였던바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 지하부(地上部)의 생육(生育)(엽장(葉長), 엽폭(葉幅), 경장(莖長), 경태(莖太))은 6열(列) 및 8열구(列區)에서 도두 전열(前列)과 저조(低調)한 결과(結果)를 나타내었던 반면(反面) 지하부(地下部)의 생육(生育)(근경(根長), 근직경(根直徑), 근종(根種)은 전열(前列)에서는 오히려 우수(優秀)하였고 후열(後列)에서만 저조(低調)한 결과(結果)를 보였다. 그러나 4열구(列區)에서는 지하부(地上部) 및 지하부생육(地下部生育) 모두 전열(前列)에서 우수(優秀)하였고 후열(後列)에서는 현저(顯著)히 불량(不良)하였다. 2. 6열재식구(列栽植區)의 평균근중(平均根重)은 34.2g인데 비(比)해 8열재식구(列栽植區)는 18.2g으로서 전체수량은 6열재식구(列栽植區)가 8열재식구(列栽植區)에 비(比)해 현저(顯著)히 높았으며 품질(品質)도 좋았다. 3. 재식위치(栽植位置)의 차이(差異)에 따르는 변이(變異)는 8열재식(列栽植)의 경우(境遇)는 경태(莖太)가 가장 작은 변이(變異)를 보였고 근장(根長)이 가장 큰 변이(變異)를 보였는데 6열재식(列栽植)의 경우(境遇)에서는 엽폭(葉幅)이 가장 작은 변이(變異)를 보였고 경장(莖長)이 가장 큰 변이(變異)를 보였던 반면(反面) 4열재식구(列栽植區)에서는 엽장(葉長)에서 가장 작은 변이(變異)를 그리고 근중(根重)에서 가장 큰 변이(變異)를 보였다. 4. 각재식밀도(各栽植密度)에서 대체로 근중(根重)과 가장 높은 유의상관(有意相關)을 보였던 형질(形質)은 근직경(根直徑)이었으며 또한 근직경(根直徑)과는 경태간(莖太間)에서 높은 상관(相關)을 보였다. 5. 재식위치(栽植位置)에 따라하 각형질(各形質)에서 개체간의 변이정도(變異程度)는 현저(顯著)히 다른 경향(傾向)을 보였으며 형질(形質) 상호간(相互間)의 상계(相係)로 재식위치(栽植位置)에 따라 상관(相關)의 정도(程度)가 서로 다른 경향(傾向)을 보였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.128-134
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• 1990

예산읍내의 중요시설채소재배지 세부락을 중심으로 작부양식, 시비방법, 토양화학성, 작물의 영양상태와 생육상황을 조사하였다. 토마토의 시듦병 은 토양의 높은 EC와 질소함량 그리고 뿌리흑선충과 밀접하게 관련된것 같다. 칼슘결핍은 토양의 높은 K와 EC 그리고 토마토의 높은 철흡수에 기인하는것 같다. 여름배추는 80%의 생육억제를 보였는데 높은 EC(1.8mmho/cm) 때문이며 근류병(무사마귀명)을 보였는데 토양의 높은 인산함량(1,055 ppm) 때문인것 같다. 열무는 50%의 생육저하를 보였는데 높은 EC(1.6 mmho/cm), K 및 Mg 그리고 염기의 불균형때문으로 보인다. 다섯가지의 복합비료가 기비로 사용되고 질소칼리의 한가지 복비는 염화킬리 및 뇨소와 같이 추비로 사용하였다. 가축분의 다량사용과 매 적부시의 화학비료 다량 사용은 심토까지 과부화를 시켰다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-30
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• 1996

우리 나라에서 자생하고 있는 식물중 기능성식품원료로 이용 가능성이 높은 쑥, 한삼덩굴, 돌외의 주년생산과 우량계통 선발을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 이들에 대한 수집종간 및 재배방법간의 재배학적 특성과 성분을 분석(分析)하였던 바 얻어진 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 쑥의 생산량(건초량)은 수원에서 수집한 뺑쑥에서 제일 많았으나 정유함양(精油含量)은 음성에서 수집한 약쑥과 음성에서 수집한 쑥은 각각 0.15%, 옹진에서 수집한 쑥은 0.12%, 뺑쑥은 0.09%이었다. 2. 돌외의 수량은 관행재배에 비해 지주(支柱)를 세워 덩굴손이 지주를 감아 신장시킨 재배에서 48% 많았고, 돌외의 지상부에서는 rutin이 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 환삼덩굴의 수량은 계룡상에서 수집한 종이 음성에서 수집한 종에 비해 12% 많았고, 환삼덩굴의 지상부에서 phenol성(性) 성분인 isoquercitrin이 함유되어 있는 것이 정성적으로 확인되었다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.142-147
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• 2009

단기간 침수처리에 의한 유채의 영양생장과 생식생장기의 생리적 반응, 지방산 조성과 수확량에 관하여 조사하였다. 영양생장 단계에서 10일과 생식생장 단계에서 4일 침수한 결과를 영양생장과 생식생 장기 모두 광합성, 기공전도도와 증산량은 침수처리 기간과 회복시기에 현저하게 감소하였다. 침수처리가 끝난 처리구에서 광합성과 기공전도도는 $2{\sim}3$일 내에 대조구와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 침수처리된 작품의 지방산 조성은 대조구에 비해 통계적 유의성의 차이를 보이지 않았지만 수확량과 관련된 요인들에서 현저하게 감소함으로 생식생장 단계에서의 단기간 침수처리가 수확량 요인에 큰 영향을 줌으로서 종자 수확량에 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.1170-1176
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• 2015

Ginsenosides, the major active component of ginseng, are traditionally used to treat various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and obesity. Among these, compound K (CK), an intestinal bacterial metabolite of the ginsenosides Rb₁, Rb₂, and Rc from Bacteroides JY-6, is reported to inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing cell-cycle arrest or cell death, including apoptosis and necrosis. However, the precise effect of CK on breast cancer cells remains unclear. MCF-7 cells were treated with CK ($0-70{\mu}M$) for 24 or 48 h. Cell proliferation and death were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Changes in downstream signaling molecules involved in cell death, including glycogen synthase kinase $3\beta$ ($GSK3\beta$), $GSK3\beta$, $\beta$-catenin, and cyclin D1, were analyzed by western blot assay. To block $GSK3\beta$ signaling, MCF-7 cells were pretreated with $GSK3\beta$ inhibitors 1 h prior to CK treatment. Cell death and the expression of $\beta$-catenin and cyclin D1 were then examined. CK dose- and time-dependently inhibited MCF-7 cell proliferation. Interestingly, CK induced programmed necrosis, but not apoptosis, via the $GSK3\beta$ signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. CK inhibited $GSK3\beta$ phosphorylation, thereby suppressing the expression of $\beta$-catenin and cyclin D1. Our results suggest that CK induces programmed necrosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via the $GSK3\beta$ signaling pathway.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the eating habit, food intake frequency and preferred food and taste of juvenile delinquents (100 numbers) and male high school students (100 numbers), using questionnaires from August to October 2004. 1) It was shown that the juvenile delinquents took more unbalanced diet (p<0.05), smoking (p<0.001) and drinking (p<0.001) than general students, while general students had more eating between meals (p<0.01). 2) The intake of food was a significant difference in white rices (p<0.01), bibimbab (p<0.001), kimbab (p<0.001), fried rice (p<0.001), ramen (p<0.001), jajangmyun (p<0.001), jambong (p<0.001), hamburger (p<0.001), pizza (p<0.001) and breads (p<0.05). The juvenile delinquents took more major food than that of general students in all the items except for white rice. It was observed, then, that the juvenile delinquents showed more intake of such subsidiary foods as bulgoki (p<0.001), roasted thin pork chops (p<0.001), grilled pork belly (p<0.001), pork cutlet (p<0.01), sweet and sour pork (p<0.001), chicken with ginseng (p<0.001), fried chicken (p<0.001), kimchi pot stew (p<0.01) and zucchini (p<0.05) than general students, with general students taking more kimchi (p<0.01) and fried or boiled soybean curd (p<0.01). The intake of dessert was a significant difference in yogurt (p<0.01), orange juice (p<0.001), cola (p<0.001), soft drinks (p<0.001), ion drinks (p<0.001), coffee (p<0.001), apple (p<0.01), banana (p<0.001), orange (p<0.001), cake (p<0.001), hot dog (p<0.001), ddokbokgi (p<0.01), mandu (p<0.001), fried fish paste (p<0.05), steamed korean sausage (p<0.001), fried foods (p<0.05), hem & sausage (p<0.001), cheese (p<0.001), ice-cream (p<0.001), candy (p<0.01), chocolate (p<0.001), mayonnaise (p<0.05), jam (p<0.01) and butter & margarine (p<0.01). Then, the juvenile delinquents were shown to entirely have more intake of all the desserts than those of general students. 3) Regarding preference of foods, it was shown that the juvenile delinquents preferred cereals (p<0.05), grilled pork belly (p<0.001), chicken with ginseng (p<0.01), anchovies and small fish (p<0.05), chicken with ginseng (p<0.05), seasoned spinach (p<0.001), seasoned zucchini (p<0.001), milk (p<0.05), coffee (p<0.001) and butter & margarine (p<0.05) while general students did egg (p<0.01), soybean sprout soup (p<0.001), boiled or fried potato (p<0.05), seasoned soybean sprout (p<0.05), boiled or fried soybean curd (p<0.01), fried foods (p<0.01) and snack (p<0.05). For their preference of tastes, hot taste (p<0.01) was higher in the juvenile delinquents. 4) Under general environments there was a change of the difference in their behaviour of pork cutlet (p<0.01) intake in accordance with other family and of milk (p<0.001) and butter & margarine (p<0.05) preference in accordance with growth in a big city between the two groups.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2011

2005년부터 2006년까지 인삼 재배지에서 분리한 218개의 Botrytis cinerea 균주의 tolyfluanid에 대한 감수성 정도를 조사하였다. Tolyfluanid를 농도별로 첨가한 PDA배지에서 B. cinerea의 균사생장 억제정도를 조사하여 살균제에 대한 B. cinerea 균주들의 감수성 정도를 3 group으로 구분하였다. 분리한 병원균은 감수성 정도에 따라서,$2.0\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$이하인 균주들을 HS group으로, 2.0에서부터 $18.0\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ 사이에 속하는 균주들을 S group으로, 그리고 $18.0\;{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ 이상인 균주들을 LS group으로 구분하였다. 전체 균주 중에서 174개 균주가 S group에 속하였으며, 각각 22개 균주가 HS와 LS group으로 구분되었다. 또한 tolyfluanid의 B. cinerea에 대한 균사생장 억제와 포자발아 억제 효과는 높은 정의 상관 관계를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 포장에서 분리한 B. cinerea의 tolyfluanid에 대한 저항성 모니터링의 기준과, 저항성 발현 관리를 위한 기초 자료로 사용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.83-87
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• 1996

The effects of gibberilin ($GA_3$) on levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin in both fresh and stratified American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) seeds were investigated. In our first experiment, the fresh seeds were stratified after soaked in 80 ppd $GA_3$ solution for 24 hours. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 50.7% and 82.1% respectively at the 120th day and the 188th day of stratification, and the zeatin concentration also increased by 3.8% and 51.6% respectively. In our second experiment, we treated the seeds after 134 days stratification with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then continued to stratify them. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 32.9% and 17.7% respectively at the 164th day and the 208th day of stratification while zeatin concentration increased by 22.7% and 30.6% respectively In our another experiment, we studied the effects of $GA_3$, abscislc acid (ABA) and GA, plus ABA on germination rate of seeds treated with these plant hormones during stratification. We found that when the stratified seeds whose ratio of embryo had reached 75% were treated with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then were allowed to be stratified for another 88 days, the weight and length of embryo (p < 0.05), and germination rate (p < 0.01) increased. In contrast, the 25 ppm ABA treated with for 24 hours was found to Inhibit the growth of embryo (p < 0.05) and reduce the germination rate (p < 0.05) . The experiment of combination treatment of $GA_3$ and ABA showed that $GA_3$ could relieve the inhibitory effects of the ABA on the development of the seeds.