• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2010

Low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites from plants play an important role in reproductive processes and in the defense against environmental stresses or pathogens. In the present study, we isolated various volatiles and phenolic compounds from white Rosa rugosa flowers, and evaluated the pharmaceutical activities of these natural products in addition to their ability to increase survival in response to environmental stress and pathogen invasion. The DPPH and hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidation assay revealed that the white rose flower extract (WRFE) strongly scavenged free radicals in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, WRFE inhibited the growth of E. coli and fatally attacked those cells at higher concentration (>0.5 mg/mL). FITC-conjugated Annexin V stain provided further evidence that WRFE had strong antimicrobial activity, which may have resulted from a cooperative synergism between volatiles (e.g. 1-butanol, dodecyl acrylate and cyclododecane) and phenolic compounds (e.g. gallic acid) retained in WRFE. In conclusion, secondary metabolites from white rose flower hold promise as a potential natural source for antimicrobial and non-chemical based antioxidant agents.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.602-606
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We investigated total 26 ingredients of Saengshik which will be commercially produced as an anti-diabetic dietary supplement. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirteen vegetables, nine cereals, three legumes and one seed were extracted with aqueous ethanol for 2 h at $60^{\circ}C$, and evaluated for their inhibitory effects against ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and for total phenolic and flavonoid contents. RESULTS: All ingredients inhibited ${\alpha}$-amylase activity except cabbage. Strong inhibitory activity of ${\alpha}$-amylase was observed in leek, black rice, angelica and barley compared with acarbose as a positive control. Stronger inhibition of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity was found in small water dropwort, radish leaves, sorghum and cabbage than acarbose. All Saengshik ingredients suppressed ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity in the range of 0.3-60.5%. Most ingredients contained total phenols which were in the range of 1.2-229.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract. But, total phenolic contents were not observed in carrot, pumpkin and radish. All ingredients contained flavonoid in the range of 11.6-380.7 mg catechin equivalent/g dried extract. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that Saengshik containing these ingredients would be an effective dietary supplement for diabetes.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.330-334
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• 2004

Four isoflavonoids and three flavonoids, and a gallotannin were isolated from the fruits of Sophora japonica (Leguminosae). Their structures were identified as genistein (1), sophoricoside (2), genistein-4'-O--L-rhamnopyranoside (3), $genistein-4'-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosly-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (4), $kaempferol-3-O-{\alpha}-D-sophoroside$ (5), $kaempferol-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosly-(1{\rightarrow}6)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (6), rutin (7) and gallic acid $4-O-{\beta}-D-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside$ (8) by chemical and spectroscopic analysis and comparisons with previously reported spectral data. Compounds 3 and 8 were isolated for the first time from this plant. Anti-oxidative activity was evaluated for the isolated compounds. 8 exhibited potent anti-oxidative activity against the radical scavenging ability of DPPH with the $IC_{50}$ value of $17.1\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2017

Genetic differentiation and antioxidant activities in ethanolic extracts from leaves of Bouea macrophylla Griffith were determined. The result revealed genetic differentiation among sour ma-praang, ma-yong and sweet ma-praang of B. macrophylla Griffith (${\phi}_{PT}=0.772$, p-value=0.000). In addition, high genetic diversities were found in sour ma-praang and sweet ma-praang populations (P: 51.4 and 57.1 %; He: 0.1900.035 and 0.2240.036, respectively), but low genetic diversity was found in ma-yong population (P: 8.6 %; He: 0.0350.021). Total phenolic contents of sour ma-praang, ma-yong and sweet ma-praang were estimated as $680.51{\pm}89.81$, $701.03{\pm}59.89$ and $530.85{\pm}41.23mg$ gallic acid/g extract, respectively. Free radical scavenging activities of sour mapraang, ma-yong and sweet ma-praang were found (1/EC50=4.17, 1.43 and 1.37, respectively) corresponding with metalchelating activities (1/EC50=0.83, 0.65 and 0.17, respectively). Therefore, the obtained data may be applied to cultivation and utilization of their leaves as source of natural phenolics and antioxidants.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권16호
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• pp.6463-6475
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• 2014

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase plays an important role in regulating cell growth and cell cycle progression in response to cellular signals. It is a key regulator of cell proliferation and many upstream activators and downstream effectors of mTOR are known to be deregulated in various types of cancers. Since the mTOR signalling pathway is commonly activated in human cancers, many researchers are actively developing inhibitors that target key components in the pathway and some of these drugs are already on the market. Numerous preclinical investigations have also suggested that some herbs and natural phytochemicals, such as curcumin, resveratrol, timosaponin III, gallic acid, diosgenin, pomegranate, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCC), genistein and 3,3'-diindolylmethane inhibit the mTOR pathway either directly or indirectly. Some of these natural compounds are also in the clinical trial stage. In this review, the potential anti-cancer and chemopreventive activities and the current status of clinical trials of these phytochemicals are discussed.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical contents and biological activities, including $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity, from the fruits of Elaeagnus multiflora using different solvent systems. The 50% ethanol extract of this species showed the most potent $\alpha$-glucosidase inibitory activity (88.5%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Moreover, this extract also displayed the strongest antioxidant activity in each assay, showing 96.3% in DPPH scavenging activity, 98.2% in ABTS scavenging activity, and 2.5% in reducing power. The highest total phytochemical contents, including flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, were observed in the 50% ethanol extract. Interestingly, flavan-3-ols (3.150 mg/g) were detected at a significantly higher total content than those of phenolic acids (0.380 mg/g) and flavonoids (not detected). Additionally, the contents of individual phytochemicals showed remarkable differences, especially the epicatechin gallate (2.008 mg/g) and gallic acid (0.099 mg/g), which were the predominant constituents of each phytochemical type. Therefore, our results suggest that the 50% ethanol extract of E. multiflora fruits has strong biological activities, which are correlated with high phytochemical contents.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2014

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italia) florets were extracted with 80% methanol and the extract was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and distilled water. The extract and the fractions were evaluated for total phenolic content, sulforaphane content, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The total phenolic content and sulforaphane content of the ethyl acetate fraction (EF) were 35.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and $620.2{\mu}g/g$, respectively. These values were higher than those of the 80% methanol extract and organic solvent fractions. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of the EF [$1,588.7{\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents (TE)/mg] was 11-fold higher than that of the distilled water fraction ($143.7{\mu}M\;TE/mg$). The EF inhibited nitric oxide release from LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, the EF of broccoli florets exerted potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.670-678
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• 2017

Persimmon seeds contain considerable amounts of minerals, amino and organic acids, natural antioxidants and phenolic compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate quality characteristics and antioxidant potential of Korean persimmon seeds. The pH (4.88-4.94), color values, contents of minerals, free amino acids, organic acids, and phenolic compounds and DPPH free radical scavenging potentials of persimmon seed extracts significantly (p < 0.05) varied with the genotypes. This study showed that the seeds could be used as a source of different mineral elements (47.14-85.07 mg/kg) without any measureable amount of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury. Similarly, considerable amounts of organic (1550.13-2413.08 mg/kg) and essential amino (50.85-54.03 mg/kg) acids and total phenolic compounds ($1227.91-1307.78{\mu}g$ gallic acid equivalent/g) were also found in the seed extracts, indicating their potential food value as a natural antioxidant. Results of the present study imply that prethanol-A, a food preservative, can be used as an effective extraction to obtain the minerals, organic and free amino acids, and phenolic compounds from the persimmon seeds, which possess a big potential to be commercially used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2008

Six total mixed rations (TMR) containing 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12% tannin (TMR I-VI), using Accacia nilotica pods as a source of tannin, were used to study the effect of Acacia tannin on in vitro nutrient digestibility and gas production in goats. This study also investigated the degraded products of Acacia nilotica tannin in goat rumen liquor. Degraded products of tannins were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at different hours of incubation. In vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) were similar in TMR II, and I, but declined (p<0.05) thereafter to a stable pattern until the concentration of tannin was raised to 10%. In vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) decreased (p<0.05) with increased levels of tannins in the total mixed rations. Crude protein digestibility was much more affected than digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. In vitro gas production (IVGP) was also reduced (p<0.05) with increased levels of tannins in the TMR during the first 24 h of incubation and tended to increase (p>0.05) during 24-48 h of incubation. Gallic acid, phloroglucinol, resorcinol and catechin were identified at different hours of incubation. Phloroglucinol and catechin were the major end products of tannin degradation while gallate and resorcinol were produced in traces. It is inferred that in vitro nutrient digestibility was reduced by metabolites of Acacia nilotica tannins and ruminal microbes of goat were capable of withstanding up to 4% tannin of Acacia nilotica pods in the TMR without affecting in vitro nutrient digestibility.

• ALGAE
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2009

Methanol crude extract of the sea grass Zostera marina L. and organic solvent fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) were screened for antioxidant activity (total phenolic contents, DPPH scavenging activity, and reducing power) and antimicrobial activity against three human skin pathogens, two bacteria and a yeast; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans. Total phenolic contents and 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were highest in the ethyl acetate fraction with 968.50 $\mu$g gallic acid equivalent per milligram of extract, and ca. 95% scavenging activity on the DPPH radicals at 10 mg $ml^{-1}$. In antimicrobial activity tests, MICs (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of each Zostera marina extract partitioned ranged from 1mg to 8 mg $ml^{-1}$ (extract/ 10% DMSO) against all three human skin pathogens. The MICs of the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were the same with 1 mg $ml^{-1}$ against S. aureus and C. albicans. The ethyl acetate fraction of Z. marina does protect against free radicals and may be used to inhibit the growth of human skin pathogens.