• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.3694-3722
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• 2022

In today's globalized world, there is no transparency in exchanging data and information between producers and consumers. However, these tasks experience many challenges, such as administrative barriers, confidential data leakage, and extensive time delays. To overcome these challenges, we propose a decentralized, secured, and verified smart chain framework using Ethereum Smart Contract which employs Inter Planetary File Systems (IPFS) and MongoDB as storage systems to automate the process and exchange information into blocks using the Tendermint algorithm. The proposed work promotes complete traceability of the product, ensures data integrity and transparency in addition to providing security to their personal information using the Lelantos mode of shipping. The Tendermint algorithm helps to speed up the process of validating and authenticating the transaction quickly. More so in this time of pandemic, it is easier to meet the needs of customers through the Ethermint Smart Chain, which increases customer satisfaction, thus boosting their confidence. Moreover, Smart contracts help to exploit more international transaction services and provide an instant block time finality of around 5 sec using Ethermint. The paper concludes with a description of product storage and distribution adopting the Ethermint technique. The proposed system was executed based on the Ethereum-Tendermint Smart chain. Experiments were conducted on variable block sizes and the number of transactions. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system seems to perform better than existing blockchain-based systems. Two configuration files were used, the first one was to describe the storage part, including its topology. The second one was a modified file to include the test rounds that Caliper should execute, including the running time and the workload content. Our findings indicate this is a promising technology for food supply chain storage and distribution.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.3-27
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• 2018

이 논문은 쿠바의 기존의 발전 전략과 국가사회주의의 본질적 문제를 개선하기 위한 시장개혁 조처를 분석하고 발전전략으로서 산업정책의 효과성을 논의하였다. 국가사회주의의 계획 경제는 기본적으로 동기부여 체계(incentive system) 결여와 연성예산제약(soft budget constraint) 문제를 극복하기 쉽지 않다. 이 두 가지 문제는1990년대 주된 무역 대상국가인 소련과 동구 국가사회주의 국가의 몰락 초래하였다. 사회주의국가 블록의 몰락이후 쿠바는 식량부족, 에너지부족, 생필품 부족 등 심각한 경제위기에 봉착하였다. 이를 극복하기 위해 쿠바는 국가사회주의를 유지하는 수준에서 경제개혁을 단행하여 시장개혁 정책을 실행하고자 하였다. 특히, 수출주도형 산업정책으로 자유무역지대법을 통과시키고 강력한 외자 유치의 산업정책과 이를 통한 발전전략을 추진하였다. 그러나 마리엘특구 등 4개의 경제특구 설치에 의한 산업정책과 발전전략은 크게 성공을 거두지 못하였다고 평가되고 있다. 이는 기본적으로 이중적 고용과 임금, 그리고 이중화폐제도의 문제에서 비롯된다. 외국기업은 노동자를 쿠바의 고용청을 통해 간접적으로 고용하거나 해고할 수 있는 고용방식은 선진적인 인사 조직관리 기법 적용을 제한하게 되고 결국은 근로의욕 저하, 노동자의 생산성 하락과 효율성 하락으로 이어질 수 있다는 것이다. 또한 이중화폐제도로 인한 이중적 임금구조는 외국인투자기업에 인건비가 높이기 때문에 외국인이 쿠바에 적극적으로 직접투자를 꺼린 것이다. 또한 쿠바의 불균형 산업구조와 생산구조, 편중된 노동력 구조, 도심화와 농촌인구 슬림화, 농업생산의 중앙집권화 등으로 Lewis가 제안한 2부문모형인 아시아 농업주도 발전전략을 적용하기 쉽지 않아 보인다. 다시 말해, 쿠바는 산업정책을 통한 발전 전략을 수행하기 위해서 여러 가지 난점을 극복해야 할 것이다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2013

The selective targeting of an integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$ receptor using radioligands may enable the assessment of angiogenesis and integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$ receptor status in tumors. The aim of this research was to label a peptidomimetic integrin ${\alpha}_v{\beta}_3$ antagonist (PIA) with $^{99m}Tc(CO)_3$ and to test its receptor targeting properties in nude mice bearing receptor-positive tumors. PIA was reacted with tris-succinimidyl aminotriacetate (TSAT) (20 mM) as a PIA per TSAT. The product, PIA-aminodiacetic acid (ADA), was radiolabeled with $[^{99m}Tc(CO)_3(H_2O)_3]^{+1}$, and purified sequentially on a Sep-Pak C-18 cartridge followed by a Sep-Pak QMA anion exchange cartridge. Using gradient C-18 reverse-phase HPLC, the radiochemical purity of $^{99m}Tc(CO)_3$-ADA-PIA (retention time, 10.5 min) was confirmed to be > 95%. Biodistribution analysis was performed in nude mice (n = 5 per time point) bearing receptor-positive M21 human melanoma xenografts. The mice were administered $^{99m}Tc(CO)_3$-ADA-PIA intravenously. The animals were euthanized at 0.33, 1, and 2 hr after injection for the biodistribution study. A separate group of mice were also co-injected with 200 ${\mu}g$ of PIA and euthanized at 1 hr to quantify tumor uptake. $^{99m}Tc(CO)_3$-ADA-PIA was stable in phosphate buffer for 21 hr, but at 3 and 6 hr, 7.9 and 11.5% of the radioactivity was lost as histidine, respectively. In tumor bearing mice, $^{99m}Tc(CO)_3$-ADA-PIA accumulated rapidly in a receptor-positive tumor with a peak uptake at 20 min, and rapid clearance from blood occurring primarily through the hepatobiliary system. At 20 min, the tumor-to-blood ratio was 1.8. At 1 hr, the tumor uptake was 0.47% injected dose (ID)/g, but decreased to 0.12% ID/g when co-injected with an excess amount of PIA, indicating that accumulation was receptor mediated. These results demonstrate successful $^{99m}TC$ labeling of a peptidomimetic integrin antagonist that accumulated in a tumor via receptor-specific binding. However, tumor uptake was very low because of low blood concentrations that likely resulted from rapid uptake of the agent into the hepatobiliary system. This study suggests that for $^{99m}Tc(CO)_3$-ADA-PIA to be useful as a tumor detection agent, it will be necessary to improve receptor binding affinity and increase the hydrophilicity of the product to minimize rapid hepatobiliary uptake.

• 농촌계획
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.13-27
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• 2011

This study analyzed the budget investment plans for the unit-project items(UPI) of 176 project districts for the rural village comprehensive development projects (RVCDP). This study classified the master plan reports of 176 project districts into 88 unit project items in aspect of project management, in order to analyze characteristics of distribution of budget in each project item. Most of all unit project items have similar types of uniform distribution with plus skewness in frequency pattern analysis except the total budget of the project district. This study analyzed the characteristics of budget distribution per province, year, and geographical types of region. Furthermore this paper also analyzed ratio of budget in unit project items to find out distribution pattern of each budget between project items over time. The hierarchical system for UPI of RVCDP consisted of three steps, which are 4 items of the first step on Strength of Rural-urban Exchange & Regional Capability (RURC), Green-income Infrastructure & Facility (GIF), Culture- health-welfare Facility, and Eco-environment & Landscape facility (ELF), 13 items for the second one, and 52 items for the third project items. From the results of the budget investment analysis for 5 years from 2004 to 2008, the budget investment ratios of RURC and ELF have steady state for every year, while GIF in decreasing and ELF in increasing over time. The ratios of UPI on infrastructure were decreased, whereas those on culture, health, and welfare were increased. Portion of tow project items among 52 items, which are community centers for village residents and rural experimental study facility, has 30% of total budget investment. Futhermore, the budget ratios of seven project items showed 50% of total budget. Average value of project budgets for five years was optimized as a type of exponential function in the case of decent array for ranking order.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2006

Human lactoferrin (hLf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein that has been considered to play many biological roles in the human, including the stimulation of the immune system, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, and regulation of iron absorption. We generated transgenic Siberian ginseng (Acanthopanax senticosus) cell cultures producing a functional hLf protein using the signal peptide sequence from the endoplasmic reticulum and driven by an oxidative stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter which is highly expressed in plant cell cultures. The production of hLf increased proportionally to cell growth and showed a maximal level (up to 3.6% of total soluble protein) at the stationary phase in suspension cultures. Full-length hLf protein was identified by immunoblot analysis in transgenic cell cultures of Siberian ginseng. Recombinant hLf (rhLf) was purified from suspension cells of Siberian ginseng by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. N-terminal sequences of rhLf were identical to native hLf (nhLf). The overall monosaccharide composition of rhLf showed the presence of plant specific xylose while sialic acid is absent. Antibacterial activity of purified rhLf was higher than that of nhLf. Taken together, we anticipate that medicinal Siberian ginseng cultured cells, as demonstrated by this study, will be a biotechnologically useful source for commercial production of functional hLf not requiring further purification.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.247-255
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• 2006

Yeast cell wall matrix particles are composed entirely of mannoprotein and ${\beta}-glucan$. The mannoproteins of yeast cell wall can systemically enhance the immune system. We previously purified and analyzed alkali-soluble ${\beta}-glucans$ [${\beta}$-(1,3)- and ${\beta}$-(1,6)-glucans] [10]. In the present study, a wild-type strain was first mutagenized with ultraviolet light, and the cell wall mutants were then selected by treatment with 1.0 mg/ml laminarinase (endo-${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-glucanase). Mannoproteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were released by laminarinase, purified by concanavalin-A affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. The results indicated that the mutants yielded 3-fold more mannoprotein than the wild-type. The mannoprotein mass of mutant K48L3 was 2.25 mg/100 mg of yeast cell dry mass. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that they contained mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components, mannoproteins, are known to interact with macrophages through receptors, thereby inducing release of tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and nitric oxide. Mannoprotein tractions in the present study had a higher macrophage activity of secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and nitric oxide and direct phagocytosis than positive control ($1{\mu}g$ of lipopolysaccharide). In particular, F1 and F3 fractions in mannoproteins of K48L3 enhanced and upregulated the activity of nitric oxide secretion and macrophage phagocytosis by approximately two- and four-fold, respectively.

• 농촌계획
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2020

In this study, demands of smart technology development were analyzed for rural village communities. Questionnaire items were derived by grasping the current status of information and communication technology. 49 villages in 8 regions were selected and surveys and statistical analysis were conducted. The main results of the study are as follows. First, 92% of community leaders use smartphones, search for information (38%), communicate with the Internet (36%) using smartphones, use KakaoTalk (31%), and Facebook (24%). Second, in the rural and urban exchange activities, promote support information service (51%) and promote method suggestion service (48.5%) showed that the demand for services in promote field was high. It is linked to the creation of economic opportunities. Third, in the income and production activities, demand for distribution services technology (39.3%) was high in the field of production and distribution, and cold chains that help maintain freshness until food, such as meat, fish, and vegetables are delivered to consumers when agricultural products are distributed. The constant temperature control system needs to be actively introduced. Fourth, autonomy activities showed the highest demand for air conditioning and control systems (34.2%) of community building, and the lowest demand for electronic voting (9.4%) and videoconferencing (9.4%) services. Lastly, in the general activity area of the community, the demand for technology of emergency services (37.1%) and health self-diagnosis service (35.4%), which are technologies in the welfare sector, ranked first and second respectively.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.579-590
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• 2018

The lakes' metabolism bears important information for the assessment of the carbon budget due to the accumulation or loss of carbon in the lake as well as the dynamics of the food webs through primary production. A lake-scale metabolism is evaluated by Gross Primary Production (GPP), Ecosystem Respiration (R), and Net Ecosystem Production (NEP), which is the difference between the first two values. Methods for estimating GPP and R are based on the levels carbon and oxygen. Estimation of carbon is expensive because of the use of radioactive materials which requires a high degree of proficiency. The purpose of this study was to estimate Lake Daecheong ecosystem metabolism using high frequency water temperature data and DO measurement sensor, widely utilized in the field of water quality monitoring, and to evaluate the possibility of using the application method. High frequency data was collected at intervals of 10 minutes from September to December 2017 by installing a thermistor chain and a DO sensor in downstream of Daechung Dam. The data was then used to estimate GPP, R and NEP using the R public program LakeMetabolizer, and other metabolism models (mle, ols, kalman, bookkeep). Calculations of gas exchange coefficient methods (cole, crusius, heiskanen, macIntyre, read, soloviev, vachon) were compared. According to the result, Lake Daecheong has some deviation based on the application method, but it was generally estimated that the NEP value is negative and acts as a source of atmospheric carbon in a heterotrophic system. Although the high frequency sensor data used in this study had negative and positive GPP and R values during the physical mixing process, they can be used to monitor real-time metabolic changes in the ecosystem if these problems are solved.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.879-884
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• 2002

감잎으로부터 항보체 활성물질을 분리정제하기 위해 감잎 (250 g)을 $100^{\circ}C$에서 3시간 동안 열수 추출하고 분자량 10 kDa membrane을 사용하여 농축한 후 ethanol 침전과 methanol 추출을 통해 조다당류(DKC)를 얻었다. 조다당류의 정제는 DEAE-Toyopearl 650C와 Bio-gel P60을 사용하여 실시하였다. 정제된 DKC-1c는 $1000\;{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 고전경로를 통해서는 85.4% 활성화시켰고 부경로에서는 65.1% 활성화시켰다. 정제 다당류 DKC-1c는 분자량은 66.6 kDa이고 정제도가 높은 중성다당류로써 주요 구성당은 glucose(29.0 mol.%), arabinose(24.3 mol.%), galactose(16.2 mol.%) 순으로 검출되었다. 면역전기영동을 통하여 확인한 결과 DKC-1c는 C3를 부경로에서도 C3a와 C3b로 활성화시키는 complement activator임이 확인되었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.8-9
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• 2017

Soybean yield has been low and unstable in Japan and other areas in East Asia, despite long history of cultivation. This is contrasting with consistent increase of yield in North and South America. This presentation tries to describe perspective of breaking stagnation of soybean yield in East Asia, considering the factors of the different yields between regions. Large amount of rainfall with occasional dry-spell in the summer is a nature of monsoon climate and as frequently stated excess water is the factor of low and unstable soybean yield. For example, there exists a great deal of field-to-field variation in yield of 'Tanbaguro' soybean, which is reputed for high market value and thus cultivated intensively and this results in low average yield. According to our field survey, a major portion of yield variation occurs in early growth period. Soybean production on drained paddy fields is also vulnerable to drought stress after flowering. An analysis at the above study site demonstrated a substantial field-to-field variation of canopy transpiration activity in the mid-summer, but the variation of pod-set was not as large as that of early growth. As frequently mentioned by the contest winners of good practice farming, avoidance of excess water problem in the early growth period is of greatest importance. A series of technological development took place in Japan in crop management for stable crop establishment and growth, that includes seed-bed preparation with ridge and/or chisel ploughing, adjustment of seed moisture content, seed treatment with mancozeb+metalaxyl and the water table control system, FOEAS. A unique success is seen in the tidal swamp area in South Sumatra with the Saturated Soil Culture (SSC), which is for managing acidity problem of pyrite soils. In 2016, an average yield of $2.4tha^{-1}$ was recorded for a 450 ha area with SSC (Ghulamahdi 2017, personal communication). This is a sort of raised bed culture and thus the moisture condition is kept markedly stable during growth period. For genetic control, too, many attempts are on-going for better emergence and plant growth after emergence under excess water. There seems to exist two aspects of excess water resistance, one related to phytophthora resistance and the other with better growth under excess water. The improvement for the latter is particularly challenging and genomic approach is expected to be effectively utilized. The crop model simulation would estimate/evaluate the impact of environmental and genetic factors. But comprehensive crop models for soybean are mainly for cultivations on upland fields and crop response to excess water is not fully accounted for. A soybean model for production on drained paddy fields under monsoon climate is demanded to coordinate technological development under changing climate. We recently recognized that the yield potential of recent US cultivars is greater than that of Japanese cultivars and this also may be responsible for different yield trends. Cultivar comparisons proved that higher yields are associated with greater biomass production specifically during early seed filling, in which high and well sustained activity of leaf gas exchange is related. In fact, the leaf stomatal conductance is considered to have been improved during last a couple of decades in the USA through selections for high yield in several crop species. It is suspected that priority to product quality of soybean as food crop, especially large seed size in Japan, did not allow efficient improvement of productivity. We also recently found a substantial variation of yielding performance under an environment of Indonesia among divergent cultivars from tropical and temperate regions through in a part biomass productivity. Gas exchange activity again seems to be involved. Unlike in North America where transpiration adjustment is considered necessary to avoid terminal drought, under the monsoon climate with wet summer plants with higher activity of gas exchange than current level might be advantageous. In order to explore higher or better-adjusted canopy function, the methodological development is demanded for canopy-level evaluation of transpiration activity. The stagnation of soybean yield would be broken through controlling variable water environment and breeding efforts to improve the quality-oriented cultivars for stable and high yield.