[KSCI] Korea Science Citation Index Service

http://dx.doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2022.11.013

Fusion of Blockchain-IoT network to improve supply chain traceability using Ethermint Smart chain: A Review

George, Geethu Mary (Department of Computer Science & Engineering, PSG College of Technology)
Jayashree, LS (Department of Computer Science & Engineering, PSG College of Technology)

Publication Information

KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS) / v.16, no.11, 2022 , pp. 3694-3722 More about this Journal

Abstract

In today's globalized world, there is no transparency in exchanging data and information between producers and consumers. However, these tasks experience many challenges, such as administrative barriers, confidential data leakage, and extensive time delays. To overcome these challenges, we propose a decentralized, secured, and verified smart chain framework using Ethereum Smart Contract which employs Inter Planetary File Systems (IPFS) and MongoDB as storage systems to automate the process and exchange information into blocks using the Tendermint algorithm. The proposed work promotes complete traceability of the product, ensures data integrity and transparency in addition to providing security to their personal information using the Lelantos mode of shipping. The Tendermint algorithm helps to speed up the process of validating and authenticating the transaction quickly. More so in this time of pandemic, it is easier to meet the needs of customers through the Ethermint Smart Chain, which increases customer satisfaction, thus boosting their confidence. Moreover, Smart contracts help to exploit more international transaction services and provide an instant block time finality of around 5 sec using Ethermint. The paper concludes with a description of product storage and distribution adopting the Ethermint technique. The proposed system was executed based on the Ethereum-Tendermint Smart chain. Experiments were conducted on variable block sizes and the number of transactions. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system seems to perform better than existing blockchain-based systems. Two configuration files were used, the first one was to describe the storage part, including its topology. The second one was a modified file to include the test rounds that Caliper should execute, including the running time and the workload content. Our findings indicate this is a promising technology for food supply chain storage and distribution.

Keywords

Ethereum; Ethermint; Inter Planetary File Systems (IPFS); Lelantos; Smart chain Smart Contract; Tendermint;

Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By KSCI : 2 (Citation Analysis)

Reference
Cited By KSCI

1	Zhihua Zhang, Huanwen Wang & Yanghua Gao, "C2MP: Chebyshev chaotic map-based authentication protocol for RFID,".
2	Mao, D., Hao, Z., Wang, F., Li, H, "Novel Automatic Food Trading System Using Consortium Blockchain," Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 44, 3439-3455, 2019. DOI
3	Parreno-MarchanteA, AlvarezMelcon A, Trebar M &Filippin P, "Advanced Traceability System in aquaculture Supply chain," Journal of food Engineering, 122(1), 99-109, 2014. DOI
4	Galvez, J. F., Mejuto, J. C., &Simal-Gandara, J., "Future challenges on the use of blockchain for food traceability analysis," Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 107, 222-232, 2018. DOI
5	Lokesh M R, Suhail Ahmed M N, Saifulla Khan, "Blockchain based Supply Chain Mangement for counterfeit Drugs in Pharmaceutical Industry," International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 100-108, 2021.
6	A. Ilic, M. Lehtonen, F. Michahelles, and E. Fleisch, "Synchronized secrets approach for Rfid-enabled anti-counterfeiting," in Proc. of Demo at Internet of Things Conference, 2008.
7	GS1, "GS1 US, FoodLogiQ, IBM Food Trust, Ripe.io and SAP Complete Food Traceability Proof-of-Concept,". [Online]. Available: https://www.gs1us.org/industries-and-insights/media-center/press-releases/gs1-us-foodlogiq-ibm-food-trust-ripeio-and-sap-complete-food-traceability-proof-of-concept
8	Md.Ashraf Uddin, Andrew Stranieri & Venki Balasubramanian, "A Survey on the Adoption of Blockchain in IoT: Challenges Solutions," Blockchain: Research & Applications, vol. 2, no. 2, 2021.
9	Yulong Zou, Jia Zhu, Xianbin Wangand Lajos Hanzo, "A Survey on Wireless Security: Technical Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Trends," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 104, no. 9, pp. 1727 - 1765, 2016. DOI
10	Oskarsdottir. K, OddssonG.V, "Towards a decision support framework for technologies used in cold supply chain traceability," J. Food Eng., vol. 240, 153-159, 2019. DOI
11	Balfego group, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://balfego.com/ca/trasabilitat/.
12	Feng Tian, "A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, block chain & Internet of things," in Proc. of 14th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), June 2017.
13	R. Akkerman, P. Farahani & M. Grunow, "Quality safety and sustainability in food distribution: a review of quantitative operations management approaches and challenges," OR Spectrum, vol. 32, pp. 863-904, 2010. DOI
14	Visser and Hanich, "How block chain is strengthening tuna traceability to combat illegal fishing," Retrieved from The Conversation, pp. 1-4, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4374&context=lhapapers.
15	Hiroki Watanabe, Shigeru Fujimura, Atsushi Nakadaira, Yasuhiko Miyazaki, Akihito Akutsu, Jay Kishigami, "Blockchain contract: Securing a blockchain applied to smart contracts," in Proc. of 2016 IEEE International Conferenceon Consumer Electronics INSPEC Accession, 2016.
16	Suhaliana N, Halim, Abd, Rahman M.A, Azad S, "Blockchain Security Hole: issues and solutions," in Proc. of IRICT 2017: Recent Trends in Information and Communication Technology, pp. 739-746, 2018.
17	JakeAstill, Rozita.A.Dara, MalcolmCampbell, JeffreyM.Farber, EvanD.G.Fraser, Shayan Sharif, Rickey Y.Yada, "Transparency in food supply chains: A review of enabling technology solutions," Trends in Food Science & Technology, vol. 91, pp. 240-247, September 2019. DOI
18	Myo Min Aung, Yoon Seok Chang, "Traceability in a food supply chain: Safety and quality perspectives," Food Control, Vol. 39, pp. 172-184, May2014. DOI
19	M. Cerlinca, C. Turcu, T. Cerlinca, R. Prodan, and V. Popa, "Anti-counterfeiting iso 15693 Rfid solutions involving authentication and traceability using symmetric and asymmetric cryptography," in Proc. of the 11th International Conference on Development and Application Systems, pp. 175-178, 2012.
20	M. Q. Saeed, Z. Bilal, and C. D. Walter, "An NFC based consumerlevel counterfeit detection framework," in Proc. of Eleventh Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, pp. 135-142, 2013.
21	McCarthy, U., Ayalew, G., Butler, F., Mcdonnell, K., & Ward, S, "The case for UHF RFID application in the meat supply chain in the Irish context: A review perspective," Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal, 13, 2011.
22	Shankar, R., Gupta, R.& Pathak, D. K., "Modeling critical success factors of traceability for food logistics system," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation, vol. 119, pp. 205-222, 2018. DOI
23	Badia-Melis, Villalba J. I. R and Barreiro, P., "Assessing the dynamic behaviour of WSN motes and RFID semi-passive tags for temperature monitoring," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 103, 11-16, 2014. DOI
24	Jedermann, R., Nicometo, M., Uysal, I., & Lang, W, "Reducing food losses by intelligent food logistics," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 372, 20130302, 2014. DOI
25	Zou Z, Chen Q, Uysal I, Zheng L., "Radio frequency identification enabled wireless sensing for intelligent food logistics," Phil.Trans.R.Soc.A, 372, 20130313, 2014. DOI
26	Hoofman R, "Smart sensor technologies for cold chain quality monitoring," in Proc. of 2nd IIR Int. Conf. on Sustainability and the Cold Chain, Paris, France, pp. 363-371, 2013.
27	Ayalew, G., U. Mc Carthy, K. Mc Donnell, F. Butler, P. B. Mc Nulty, and S. M. Ward, "Electronic tracking and tracing in food and feed traceability," Logforum, 2, 2006.
28	Liang K, J.A.Thomasson, P.R.Armstrong, Y.Ge, K.M.Lee, T.J.Herrman, "Ruggedness of 2D code printed on grain tracers for implementing a prospective grain traceability system to the bulk grain delivery system," Food Control, Vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 359-365, October2013. DOI
29	FatimaLeal, Adriana E.Chis, "Smart Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Ensuring End-to-End Traceability and Data Integrity in Medicine Production," Big Data Research, Vol. 24, 15 May 2021.
30	Hobbs, C. A. D., Potts, R. W. A., Bjerregaard Walsh, M., Usher, J., & Griffiths, A. M, "Using DNA barcoding to investigate patterns of species utilisation in UK shark products reveals threatened species on sale," Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1028, 2019. DOI
31	Michael Paul Kramer , Linda Bitsch and Jon Hanf, "Block chain and Its Impacts on Agri-Food Supply Chain Network Management," Sustainability MDPI, 13(4), 2168, 2021. DOI
32	Shah Faisal Darwaisha, EsmiraldaMoradian, Tirdad Rahmani& Martin Knauer, "Biometric identification on android smartphones," Procedia Computer Science, 35, 832 - 841, 2014. DOI
33	Neo C.K. Yiu, "Toward Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability," arXiv:2102.00459v1, pp. 1-20, Jan 2021.
34	Steinberger G, Rothmund M, and AuernhammerH., "Mobile farm equipment as a data source in an agricultural service architecture," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 65(2), 238-246, 2009. DOI
35	A. Regattieri, M. Gamberi, R. Manzini, "Traceability of food products: General framework and experimental evidence," Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 81, pp 347-356, 2007. DOI
36	M.L.A.T.M. Hertog, I. Uysal, U. Mc Carthy, B.M. Verlinden, M. Nicolai Bart, "Shelf life modelling for first-expired-first-out warehouse management," The Royal Society, 372, 2014.
37	Fernandes, M. A., Matos, S. G., Peres, E., Cunha, C. R., &Morais, R, "A framework for wireless sensor networks management for precision viticulture and agriculture based on IEEE1451 standard," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 95, 19-30, 2013. DOI
38	Nguyen Minh Son, Thanh-Lam Nguyen, Phan Thi Huong, and Lam Thanh Hien, "Novel System Using Blockchain for Origin Traceability of Agricultural Products," Sensors and Materials, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 601-613, 2021. DOI
39	Amitangshu Pal & Krishna Kant, "Using Blockchain for Provenance and Traceability in Internet of Things-Integrated Food Logistics," Computer, Vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 94-98, 2019. DOI
40	Sehgal A, "Blockchain's Insurance Business Implementation," International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 - 8887), Vol. 174, No. 3, September 2017.
41	Nychas, G.-J.E, Panagou, E.Z., Mohareb, F, "Novel approaches for food safety management and communication," Curr. Opin. Food Sci., 12, 13-20, 2016. DOI
42	Justin Sunny, Naveen Undralla, V Madhusudanan, "Supplychain Transparency through based traceability, An overview with Demonstration," Computers& Industrial Engineering, Vol. 150, December 2020.
43	Maurer, B, "Blockchains Are a Diamond's Best friend: Zelizer for the Bitcoin moment," in Money Talks: Explaning How Money really works, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017, pp. 215-230.
44	Ruka Nakanishi, Yuanyu Zhang & Shoji Kasahara, "Combining IOTA and Attribute-Based Encryption for Access Control in the Internet of Things," Sensors, 21(15), pp. 1-27, 2021. DOI
45	Kalra et al, A. Kalra, S S Hasnain, P. Bodorik, D. Jutla, "Access Control Mechanism using Ethereum block chain," in Proc. of 26 th International Conference on Software Engineering & Data Engineering SEDE, PP 107-112, 2017.
46	Janna Huuskonen, Timo Oksanen, "Soil sampling with drones and augmented reality in precision agriculture," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 154, pp. 25-35, 2018. DOI
47	S. Han, H. J. Bae, J. Kim, S. Shin, S.-E. Choi, S. H. Lee, S. Kwon, and W. Park, "Lithographically encoded polymer microtaggant using high-capacity and error-correctable qr code for anti-counterfeiting of drugs," Advanced Materials, vol. 24, no. 44, pp. 5924-5929, 2012. DOI
48	Mangla, S. K., K. Govindan, and S. Luthra, "Prioritizing the Barriers to Achieve Sustainable Consumption and Production Trends in Supply Chains Using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process," Journal of Cleaner Production, 151, 509-525, 2017. DOI
49	Alberto Partida, ReginoCriado and Miguel Romance, "Identity and Access Management Resilience against Intentional Risk for Blockchain-Based IOT Platforms," Electronics, 10(4), 378, 2021. DOI
50	Wei Ren, Xutao Wan & Peng cheng Gan, "A double-blockchain solution for agricultural sampled data security in Internet of Things network," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 117, pp. 453-461, April 2021. DOI
51	Ruiz-Garcia, L, Steinberger G, &Rothmund, M., "A model and prototype implementation for tracking and tracing agricultural batch products along the food chain," Food Control, 21(2), 112-121, 2010. DOI
52	Ruiz-Garcia, L., Lunadei, L., "The role of RFID in agriculture: Applications, limitations and challenges," Computers and electronics in agriculture, vol. 79, pp. 42-50, 2011. DOI
53	T. Staake, F. Michahelles, E. Fleisch, J. R. Williams, H. Min, P. H. Cole, S.-G. Lee, D. McFarlane, and J. Murai, "Anti-counterfeitingand supply chain security," Networked RFID systems and lightweight cryptography, Springer, pp. 33-43, 2008.
54	Gerard Sylvester, "E-Agriculture in Action, Block chain for Agriculture Opportunities and Challenges," by the Food and Agriculture organisation of the United Nations and the International Telecommunication Union Bangkok, 2019.
55	Pradnya Patil, M. Sangeetha & Vidhyacharan Bhaskar, "Blockchain for IoT Access Control, Security and Privacy:AReview," Wireless PersonalCommun, 117, 1815-1834, 2021. DOI
56	Lin, Q, Wang, H., Pei, X., Wang, J, "Food Safety Traceability System Based on Blockchain and EPCIS," IEEE Access, 7, 20698-20707, 2019. DOI
57	Shanahan C, Kernan B, AyalewG, McDonnellK, Butler F & Ward, "A framework for beef traceability from farm to slaughter using global standards: an Irish perspective," Computer and Electronics in Agriculture, 66(1), 62-69, 2009. DOI
58	Kazim R. Ozyilma & Arda Yurdakul, "Integrating low-power IoT devices to a block chain -based infrastructure," in Proc. of the Thirteenth ACM International conference on Embedded Software 2017 (EMSOFT'17) Companion, pp. 1-2, 2017.
59	LehanHou, Ruizhi Liao, Qiqi Luo, "IoT and Blockchain-Based Smart Agri-food Supply Chains," in Handbook of Smart Cities, pp. 1109-1130, 2021.
60	Feng Tian, "An agri-food supply chain traceability system for china based on RFID and block chain technology," in Proc. of 13th International Conference on Service Systems Management (ICSSSM), 2016.
61	S. Wass, "Global trade review," 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.gtreview.com/news/fintech/food-companies-unite-to-advance-blockchain-forsupply-chain-traceability/
62	Scuderi, A., Foti, V.T, Timpanaro, G, "The Supply Chain Value of Pod and Pgi Food Products through the Application of Blockchain," Qual.-Access Success, 20, 580-587, 2019.
63	WeihuaGan, Yuwei Zhu, and Tingting Zhang, "On RFID Application in the Tracking and Tracing System of Agricultural Product Logistics," in Proc. of CCTA 2010, Part II, International Federation for Information Processing(IFIP) AICT, vol. 345, pp. 400-407, 2011.
64	Vinay chamola, VikasHassija, Vatsal Gupta and Mohsen Guizani, "A Comprehensive Review of theCOVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of IoT, Drones, AI, Blockchain, and 5G in managing its impact," SPECIAL SECTION ON DEEP LEARNINGALGORITHMS FOR INTERNET OF MEDICAL THINGS, IEEE Access, Vol. 8, pp. 90225-90265, 2020.
65	Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, Pradeep Kumar Mallick, "Blockchain technology for security issues and challenges in IoT," Procedia Computer Science, 132, 1815-1823, 2018. DOI
66	Vanesco A. J. Boehm, Jong Kim, James Won-Ki Hong, "Holistic Tracking of Products on the Blockchain Using NFC and Verified Users," in Proc.of WISA 2017 Information Security Applications, pp. 184-195, June 2018.
67	AlTawy, R, ElSheikh, M., Youssef, A.M., Gong, G, "Lelantos: A blockchain-based anonymous physical delivery system," in Proc. of 15th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust, IEEE, August 2017.
68	Abeyratne S.A and R.P Monfared., "Block chain Ready Manufacturing Supply chain using Distributed Ledger," International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 5(9), 1-10, 2016. DOI
69	Elias Strehle & Martin Maurer, "The DibiChain protocol: Privacy-preserving discovery and exchange of supply chain information," BRL Working Paper Series, No. 18, 2021.
70	NejcRozman, JanezDiaci, MarkoCorn, "Scalable framework for blockchain-based shared manufacturing," Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 71, October 2021.
71	Weijun lin, xinghong huang, hui fang, Victoria wang, yining hua, jingjie wang, haining yin, dewei yi, and laihung yau, "Block chain technology in current agricultural systems: from techniques to applications," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 143920-143937, August 2020. DOI
72	Reyna, Martin, Chenj, Soler-E and Diaz M, "On block chain& its integration with IoT Challenges &Oppurtunities," Future Generation Computer Systems, 88, 173-190, 2018. DOI
73	Archa, Bithin Alan got, Krishnashree Achuthan, "Trace and Track: Enhanced Pharma Supply Chain Infrastructure to Prevent Fraud," in Proc. of International Conference on Ubiquitous communications and network computing UBICNET, pp 189-195, 2017.
74	Barbara F., Schifanella C., "P2T: Pay to Transport," in Proc. of Euro-Par 2020: Parallel Processing Workshops, pp. 66-77, 2021.
75	Fatimah YA, Govindan K, Murniningsih R, Setiawan A, "Industry 4.0 based sustainable circular economy approach for smart waste management system to achieve sustainable development goals: Case study in Indonesia," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 269, 2020.
76	Shashank Kumar, Ashok Kumar Pundir, "Integration of IoT and Blockchain Technology for Enhancing Supply Chain Performance: A Review," in Proc. of 11th IEEE Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), December 2020.
77	Dongjun Na and Sejin Park, "Fusion Chain: A Decentralized Lightweight Blockchain for IoT Security and Privacy," Electronics, 10, 391, 2021. DOI
78	Lodovica Marchesi, Katiuscia Mannaro, Raffaele Porcu, "Automatic Generation of Block chain Agri-food Traceability Systems," arXiv:2103.07315, 2015.
79	E. Abad, F. Palacio, M. Nuin , A. Gonzalez de Zarate& A. Juarros, "RFID smart tag for traceability and cold chain monitoring of foods: Demonstration in an intercontinental fresh fish logistic chain," Journal of Food Engineering, vol. 93, pp. 394-399, 2009. DOI
80	Zheng, Z., Xie, S, Dai, H., Chen, X., Wang, H, "An overview of blockchain technology: Architecture, consensus, and future trends," in Proc. of 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress), pp. 557-564, 2017.
81	Pradhan, S.K.and S. Routroy, "Improving supply chain performance by Supplier Development program through enhanced visibility," Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(2), 3629-3638, 2018. DOI
82	Tahmid Hasan Pranto, Abdulla All Noman, Atik Mahmud and AKM Bahalul Haque, "Blockchain and smart contract for IoT enabled smart agriculture," e. PeerJ Comput. Sci7, 2021.
83	Iihaam Omar, DebeMazin, Jayaraman Raja, Salah Khaled, Omar, Mohammed, Arshad, Junaid, "Blockchain-based Supply Chain Traceability for COVID-19 PPE," TechRxiv. Preprint, 2020.
84	Y. Yuan and L. Cao, "Liquor product anti-counterfeiting system based on Rfid and two-dimensional barcode technology," J. Converg. Inf. Technol, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 88-96, 2013. DOI
85	Sara Saberi, Mahtab Kouhizadeh, Joseph Sarkis, "Block chain Technology and its relationship to sustainable supply chain management," International Journal of production Research, Vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 2117-2135, 2019. DOI
86	Kerry, J. P., M. N. O'grady, and S. A. Hogan, "Past, current and potential utilisation ofactive and intelligent packaging systems for meat and muscle-based products: A review," Meat Science, vol. 74, Issue 1, pp. 113-130, 2006. DOI
87	Qijun Lin, Huaizhen Wang, Xiaofu Pei and Junyu Wang, "Food Safety Traceability System Based on Blockchainand EPCIS," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 20698-20707, 2019. DOI
88	Yan Wang, JixinLi & Aiping Tan, "Efficient Concurrent Execution of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Sharding," Hindawi, Security and Communication Networks, Vol. 2021.
89	Nir Kshetri, "Can Blockchain Strengthen the Internet of Things?," IT Professional, Vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 68-72, 2017. DOI
90	Abdurrahman Rejeb, John G. Keogh, Horst Treiblmaier, "Leveraging the Internet of Things& Blockchain Technology in Supplychain management," Future Internet, 11(7), 161, 2019. DOI
91	Nakamoto, S., "Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash systemm," 2018.
92	Altmann Peter, "Designing a Traceability Blockchain Prepared for: The early design input stage for research projects at RISE," Distributed Computing, 2021.
93	Seyed Farhad Aghili, Hamid Mala, Christian Schindelhauer, Mohammad Shojafar, Rahim Tafazolli, "Closed-loop and open-loop authentication protocols for block chain-based IoT systems," Information Processing & Management, Vol. 58, no. 4, July 2021.
94	Ari Sivula, Ahm Shamsuzzoha, "Requirements for Block chain Technology in Supply Chain Management: An Exploratory Case Study," Operations and Supply Chain Management, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 39-50, 2021.
95	Chenxi Jia, Hongyuan Ding, Chuanjin Zhang, Xing Zhang, "Design of a dynamic key management plan for intelligent building energy management system based on wireless sensor network and blockchain technology," Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 60, pp. 337-346, 2021. DOI
96	Garcia-Sanchez, A. J., Garcia-Sanchez, F., & Garcia-Haro, J., "Wireless sensornetwork deployment for integrating video-surveillance and data-monitoring in precision agriculture over distributed crops," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 75(2), pp. 288-303, 2011. DOI
97	Jidian Yang, Shiwen He, Yang Xu and Ju Ren, "ATrusted Routing Scheme Using Blockchainand Reinforcement Learning for Wireless Sensor Networks," Sensors, 19(4), 970, 2019. DOI
98	Abena Primo, "A Comparison of Block chain-Based Wireless Sensor Network Protocols," in Proc. of 11th IEEE Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics &Mobile Communication Conference, 2020.
99	KandelC, Klumpp P M &Keusgen T, "GPS based Track & trace for transparent & Sustainable global supply chains," in Proc. of IEEE 17th International Conference on Concurrent Enterprising, pp 1-8, 2011.
100	Khalid A. Eldrandaly, Mohamed Abdel-Basset & Laila A. Shawky, "Internet of Spatial Things: A New ReferenceModel With Insight Analysis," SPECIAL SECTION ON NEW TRENDS IN BRAIN SIGNAL PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS, IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 19653-19669, 2019.
101	Rana, S.S., "Rise of counterfeit ppe in india amid covid-19," ICLG.com, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://iclg.com/briefing/13315-rise-of-counterfeit-ppe-in-india-amid-covid-19.
102	R. Rajmohan, T. Ananth Kumar, M. Pavithra, S. G. Sandhya, "Blockchain: Next Generation Technology for Industry 4.0," Blockchain Technology Book Chapter, pp. 1- 33, 2020.
103	Tse, D., Zhang, B., Yang, Y., Cheng, C., Mu, H, "Blockchain application in food supply information security," in Proc. of 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), pp. 1357-1361, 2017.
104	Yanling Chang , Eleftherios Iakovou, Weidong Shi, "Blockchain in global supply chains and cross border trade: a critical synthesis of the state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities," International Journal of Production Research, 58(7), 2082-2099, August 2019. DOI
105	Thorbecke, C., "Amazon removes 1 million products for misleading claims, price gouging amid coronavirus outbreak," ABCNews, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://abcnews.go.com/Business/amazon-cracks-million-misleading-price-gouged-products-amid/story?id=69357582.
106	Ivanov, D., A. Dolgui, and B. Sokolov, "The Impact of Digital Technology and Industry 4.0 on the Ripple Effect and Supply Chain Risk Analytics," International Journal of Production Research, 57(3), 829-846, 2019. DOI
107	Zeto, "ZetoChain," 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.zeto.ie/
108	R. J. Cosentino and D. W. Diggle, "Differential GPS: UnderstandingGPS_Principles and Applications," Norwood, MA, USA: Artech House, pp. 32-383, 1996.
109	Rajesh Gupta, SudeepTanwar, Fadi AL-Turjman, Prititaliya, Ali Nauman and Sung Won Kim, "Smart Contract Privacy Protection Using AI in Cyber-Physical Systems: Tools, Techniques and Challenges," SPECIAL SECTION ON CLOUD - FOG - EDGE COMPUTING IN CYBERPHYSICAL-SOCIALSYSTEMS, IEEE Access, Vol. 8, pp. 24746-24772, 2020.
110	Sachin S.Kamble , Angappa Gunasekaran and Rohit Sharma, "Modeling the block chain enabled traceability in agriculture supply chain," International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 52, p. 101967, June 2020. DOI
111	Miguel PincheiraCaro, Muhammad Salek Ali, Massimo Vecchio and Raffaele Giaffreda, "Blockchain-based Traceability in Agri-Food Supply Chain Management: Practical Implementation," in Proc. of IEEE Conference on IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture-Tuscany, 2018.
112	Alzahrani, N., &Bulusu, N., "Block-Supply Chain: A New Anti-Counterfeiting Supply Chain Using NFC and Blockchain," in Proc. of the 1st Workshop on Cryptocurrencies and Block chains for Distributed Systems.CryBlock'18, New York, NY, USA: ACM, pp. 30-35, 2018.
113	JianpingQian, LuisRuizGarcia, BeileiFan, JoseIgnacioRoblaVillalba, UltanMcCarthy, QiangyiYu, WenbinWu, "Food traceability system from governmental, corporate, and consumer perspectives in the European Union and China: A comparative review," Trends in Food Science & Technology, Vol. 99, pp. 402-412, May 2020. DOI
114	Gupta Mansi, Kumar Vimal, Yadav Vikash, Singh Rajesh Kumar, SadimMohd, "Proposed Framework for Dealing COVID-19 Pandemic Using BlockchainTechnology," Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol. 80, No. 03, pp. 270-275, March 2021.
115	Xiaochen Zheng, Raghava Rao Mukkamala, Ravi Vatrapu, and JoaqunOrdieres-Mere, "Blockchain-based personal health data sharing system using cloud storage," in Proc. of IEEE 20th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services, pp. 1-6, 2018.
116	Oliveira, Marcos Paulo Valadares de, and Robert Handfield, "Analytical Foundations for Development of Real-Time Supply Chain Capabilities," International Journal of Production Research, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1571-1589, 2019. DOI
117	Ethan Buchman, Jae Kwon, Zarko Milosevic, "The latest gossip on BFT consensus," arXiv:1807.04938, November 2019.
118	HayaHasan, EsraAlHadhrami, AliaAlDhaheri, KhaledSalah, RajaJayaraman, "Smartcontract-based approach for efficient shipment management," Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 136, pp. 149-159, 2019. DOI
119	Ultan Mc Carth, Ismail Uysal, Ricardo Badia-Melis, Samuel Mercier, Colm O'Donnell, Ktenioudaki, "Global food security - Issues, challenges and technological solutions," Trends in Food Science & Technology, Vol. 77, pp. 11-20, July 2018. DOI
120	Natarajan Deepa, Quoc vietpham and Dinh C Nguyen, "A Survey on Blockchain for Big Data: Approaches, Opportunities, and Future Directions," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 131, pp. 209-226, 2022. DOI
121	Seyed Mojtaba Hosseini Bamakan, Najmeh Faregh and AhadZare Ravasan, "Di-ANFIS: an integrated block chain-IoT-big data-enabled framework for evaluating service supply chain performance," Journal of Computational Design and Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 676-690, 2021. DOI
122	IoT Attacks Escalating with a 217.5% Increase in Volume. [Online]. Available: https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/iot-attacks-escalating-with-a-2175-percent-increase-in-volume/
123	Da Xu. L, He. W, Li. S., "Internet of things in industries: A Survey," IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., 10, 2233-2243, 2014. DOI
124	Youness Tribis, Abdelali EI Bouchti &Houssine Bouayad, "Blockchain Technology -based supplychain: State-of-the-art and Future Prospects," International Journal of Innovative Technology and ExploringEngineering, Vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 125-136, January 2021. DOI