• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.190-200
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• 2002

The purposes of this study were to understand the sex role identity and the meaning in life(MIL) of matriarchs and analyze their relationships to offer basic data for effective nursing strategies for improving MIL. The data for this study was collected from the 10th of August to the 30th of November, 2000. The subjects were women registered in an occupational training program for unemployed matriarchs which is held in the Working Women's Center in Busan. The measurement tools of this study were MIL(unpublished)developed by researchers and sex role inventory designed by Kim Deuk Ran(1992). The results of this study were as follows: 1.Sex role identities of matriarchs were feminity 13.7%, masculinity 13.4%, androgyny 37.8% and undifferentiated 35.1%. 2. The mean MIL for matriarchs was $173.46{\pm}16.09$. 3. The levels of MIL were 57.2% of the subjects felt a loss of meaning in life, i. e. existential vacuum, 42.8% were in pursuit of meaning but had not discovered it completely and 6.0% felt they had established meaning in life. 4.There were significant differences in MIL levels, concurrent to 4 types of sex role identities(F=11.93, P=.000). And according to Scheffe's post test, between feminity and masculinity, feminity and androgyny, masculinity and the undifferentiated, androgyny and the undifferentiated, there were significant differences. From the results of this study, most matriarchs felt loss of meaning in life, i. e. existential vacuum, and the group with masculine sex role identity had the highest level of MIL. In conclusion, the factors related to masculine sex role identity are necessary to develop nursing strategies for improving levels of MIL.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.763-776
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the glamour image in contemporary women's fashion since 1990. The method of study is to analyze the documentary and fashion magazines about the glamour images. Most of all, glamour has been composed by connection of hollywood film industry and fashion. Glamourous body image showed sensual, threatening and vague body. Formative characteristics in fashion showed a tight silhouette, neglige, lace look, dress showing neck and shoulder, fur coat, stiletto, diamond, gold, big and thick jewelry, satin, velvet, lace, mink and fox fur, etc. Internal meaning was a fantasy, ideal, wealth, fame, hyper-feminity, vagueness, vulgarity, sexuality, mystery, professional, fatalness, aggressiveness and evil. Since 1990, the glamour images in fashion were as follows; First, the glamour with hyper-feminity showed a classical femme-fatal image as fearful existence with a power more than allure. Second, the glamour with vulgarity showed an exaggerated, cheap and popular kitsch image, which have intense colors, lavish surfaces and excessive sexual signs. Third, the glamour with classical sensuality showed a hi-glamour image of hollywood actresses being active from 1930 to 1950, which was expressed glittery dress, stole, diamond, fur wrap, hill, luxury dress. Fourth, the glamour with sexual perversion showed an erotic, vague and sexual drag image, and fetish costume. Fetishistic elements were rubber, PVC, stiletto, thick and high boots and corset and particularly, they were a main method of expression of glamour image. Fifth, the glamour with future image showed a mechanical and mysterious image and it was a conscious style by metallic, plastic and sleeky fabric. In conclusion, glamour fashion image is an ideal beauty type of women and will exist as a meaningful aesthetic sign in women's fashion.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.863-877
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dot pattern size(0.8, 1.8, 2.5, 5, 8), color combination (BG/R, Y/B), value tone(lt/dk, p/g), area-ratio on image information. Sets of stimulus and response scales(7 point semantic) were used as experimental materials. The stimuli were 20 color pictures manipulated with the combination of dot pattern size, color combination, value tone and area-ratio using computer simulation. The subjects were 240 female undergraduates living in Gyeongsangnam-do. Image factor of the stimulus was composed of 4 different components, visibility, chastity.feminity, cuteness and attractiveness. In the visibility, color combination, value tone, area-ratio, dot pattern size showed independent effect. In the chastity feminity, color combination, value tone, showed independent effect. In the cuteness, value tone, area-ratio, dot pattern size showed independent effect. Significant interaction effects of color and area-ratio combination on visibility and cuteness were found. Interaction efforts of color and value tone combination, value tone and area-ratio was significant on cuteness. For visibility image, BG/R combination of color and yellow background/blue dots were effective. For cuteness image, pale/grayish tone and background/dots area-ratio were effective.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.629-637
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to identify the cultural characteristics affecting advertising contents of the consumer products. Hofstedes(1991) five cultural characteristics such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, masculinity-feminity, avoidance of uncertainty, confucian dynamism were used. Ten kinds of consumer products were included and data were collected from France, Japan, Korea, and U. S. during 1999∼2000. All ads were evaluated and compared their cultural characteristics in terms of country, product involvement and usage, and magazine type. ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson correlation-coefficient were applied to analyze data. The results were shown as follows: First, most ads tended to be individual, less power oriented, feministic, and showed high tendency of uncertainty avoidance as well as long term confucianism for all the countries. And some cultural characteristics were different among countries. Japan, France, U. S. and Korea in order showed higher individualism and lower power distance. Also Korea and Japan showed relatively short term confucian culture while U. S. and France did ling term perspectives in the ads. Second, product involvement and usage type had a significant impact on the characteristics of individualism-collectivism and feminity-masculinity. That is, product ads of lower involvement and personal use were likely to show individualistic messages and to have more feministic appeals. Third, magazine type had an impact on some cultural characteristics. Womens magazines would have more individualistic, less power oriented, and feministic appeals of ads. In conclusion, global ads should be localized and differentiated in terms of some cultural characteristics and differ depending on product characteristics.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.114-130
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Dot Pattern Size(0.8, 1.8, 2.5, 5, 8), color combination(W/Bk, Bk/Gr, Gr/W), Area-Ratio(Background/Dot, Dot/Background) on wearing dot-printed dresses image. Sets of stimulus and response scales(7 point semantic) were used as experimental materials. The stimuli were 30 color pictures manipulated with the combination of Dot Pattern Size, color combination, and Area-Ratio using computer simulation. The subjects were 180 female undergraduates living in Gyeongnam-do. The data was analyzed by using SPSS program. Analyzing methods were ANOVA and LSD test. Image factor of the stimulus was composed of 5 different components, visibility, chastity, attractiveness, cuteness and feminity. Among them, the visibility and chastity were important. Each dimensional image was affected by dot pattern size, color combination and Area-Ratio. In the visibility image, color combination(W/Bk is the most effective) is more influential, the larger size is effective pattern. In the cuteness and feminity image, area ratio(low-brightness dot pattern is the more effective) is more effective than color combination or dot pattern size. Even the same dot pattern size and area was recognized as different image depending on the area ratio. According to the variation of dot pattern size, color combination and area-ratio, it was investigated that the images for a dress wearer were expressed diversely, were shown differently in image dimensions, and could be produced to different images.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.51-62
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• 1998

The purposes of this study are to identify sex-role Identity and stereotypes in students-specifically, to compare men with women, and high school students with college students The subjects consisted of 283 college students and 392 high school students in Seoul A Bem's Sex-Role Inventory translated by Hur, Sookja for sex-role identity stereotype scales and modified by Kim, Dongil was used The major findings were as follows 1 Androgyny type was the most prevalent of all four types (35 3%) in college male students, but undifferentiated type was the most common (36 8%) for college female students 2 The sex-role identity distribution of high school male and female students was undifferentiated, androgyny, feminity, and masculinity in that order 3 There was a significant difference between male and female students in the perception sex stereotypes Women were inclined to oppose traditional sex-roles rather than men 4 There were significant differences between high school and college students in the perception of domestic sex-roles, appearance and occupational characteristics, as well as the psychosocial traits of sex stereotypes The college students tended to resist traditional sex-roles rather than high school students 5 There were no significant differences between sex-role types and sex stereotypes In conclusion, women have difficulty in developing a sex-role identity owing to the contradiction between a woman's desirable sex-role and her feminity sex-role identity.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.69-78
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• 2008

A new coinage which calls a modern was appeared variously by values, taste, feature of lifestyle and the meaning of a new coinage has influence in the change of lifestyle. Particularly a popular star is a person who situates in the center of a new coinage, his role, behavior, and appearance have great influence in the birth of a new coinage. He is a fashion leader as well as the object of fashion imitation to the new generation being sensitive for fashion. As his fashion is appeared with important fashion icon in fashion market, fashion companies have developed actively star marketing marking him as an advertising model. Therefore, because the fashion trends of a popular star introduce season's fashion trends and can be important factor forecasting fashion behavior of consumer, this study aims at analysis for fashion trends of a popular star including a public entertainer. The dates of this study were collected by TV drama, internet, and magazines, etc. The fashion trends were divided into feminine fashion trend, sexy fashion trend, tomboy fashion trend, and retro fashion trend. Feminine fashion trend was based on feminity but it was classified in masculine look, simple look, chic look, and natural & romantic look according to the standard of a transformation of feminine image. Sexy fashion trend was divided into two sexy images according to the method wrapping oneself in a dress and the method exposing a specific body part. Tomboy fashion trend could be the immature boyish style which concealed bust or hip or pelvis symbolizing feminity. Retro fashion trend could be style being based on 1980's style and Y line. Fashion items as leggings, baby doll dress, tunic style, dot pattern, garsonne look were come into fashion.

• 복식
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.36-50
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• 2011

The traditional masculinity has been gradually diversified towards the 21th century due to a new social environment. Men embrace his feminine side with heightened aesthetic sense using cosmetic products for better skin, hair, and nails. This diversification of male image and his beauty style proves the addition of feminity to masculinity. C. G. Jung felt that we are all really bisexual in nature. The anima is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men and it is the archetype through which we communicate with the collective unconscious generally, and it is important to get into touch with it for self-realization. This study analyzes subconscious desire based on the anima archetype in the collective unconscious of men through the diversity of the gender identity shown in men's cosmetic advertisements, and therefore it aim to help developing a marketing strategy of male beauty industry in the future. For this purpose, it conducted an empirical analysis of male beauty style in cosmetic advertisements through the Jungian anima theory. The conclusion of this study is as follows: First, gender identity represented in cosmetic advertisements was typified as Retrosexual, Ubersexual, Metrosexual, Cross sexual. Second, the anima archetype stimulates feminity in male beauty style. Cross sexual type has the highest feminine tendency. Third, range of utilization of cosmetic products is articulated with the diverse gender identity. Cross sexual type is most similar to the female beauty style. This feminization of male beauty style is the external expression of collective unconscious and affords human being to reach self-realization.

• 복식
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.49-66
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• 2003

In the relationship between post-modern feminism and the body. the body of women, which has been taken as 'other' by dominant arguments, has escaped from the fixed idea at post-modern times and the post-modern feminists tried to escape from the taste of the times about body image that was prevalent in the former times.'The taste of the times' here means the fixed physical form of ideal women's body by the educational custom, and it includes the educational prescription which establishes the docile body of women. This kind of educational custom aims at the perfect and permanent restriction on size, shape, desire, attitude and movement as well as on the overall demeanor and each part of the body. And the custom produces 'dependent and trained'. that is, inferiorized women's body. Hence, this paper points out that the feminity as a fixed Physical form should be overcome in order to move forward, and as one part of the effort, it attempts to analyze the designs which deformed and distorted women's body in 1990s. This research indicates that the work, which tries to deviate the fantasized and casted women's mystery, has been closely connected with the expression of 'non-separate bodies' and 'irregular body shapes' in 1990s, which aims at escaping from the fixation of women's body Image. Therefore, it is concluded that the target design trend of this research, which expressed the deformation and perversion of the body, provides the anti-these against the ideal body image of women and the these of feminity. which have been reproduced in various methods and patterns throughout the public and the culture on the whole by expressing the refusal and deviation of the existing women's body image through the post-fixation of the body pattern.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.823-833
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to take a closer look at the clothing benefits sought by breast cancer survivors in Korea. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted, using the focus group interview. Data was collected from members of online breast cancer forum. 18 participants were breast cancer survivors who had mastectomy or lumpectomy in their 30s~50s. The data was analyzed using content analysis in order to identify significant themes. The analysis indicated that benefits were sought after functional/comfort, health, feminity, and compensation were found. First, breast cancer survivors considered functional/comfort to be most important benefit so as to keep the body comfortable from the weather. Second, participants put the healthy body as the first priority and chose a well-being lifestyle and were likely to wear clothes made in healthy fabric, such as organic, bamboo or charcoal. Also, they preferred to look active by wearing sport brands or outdoorwear brands. Third, after the surgery, they experienced the sense of femininity loss and the sense of crisis as a woman. Single women and married women in early 30s recognized more seriously, and they tried to recover feminity by wearing clothes with feminine details. Forth, breast cancer survivor consumers tended to shop for the psychological compensation. In summary, consumers with breast cancer surgery, unlike general healthy women, did not sought to be economic, fashion, self-expression benefits, rather they sought health, femininity, and compensation benefits. Therefore, it seems necessary to develop proper products and marketing strategy to meet the said consumer's special needs.