• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 1994

The survey on feeding practice in 202 infants in Kwangju area was undertaken from April to May, 1993. The incidence of breast feeding was 35.6% of the interviewed mothers while 35.1% of infants were formula fed. Baby's sex, birth order, birth weight and mother's educational level did not affect the infant's feeding method of the respondents , but family's monthly income affect it significantly(p<0.05). Initiating time f weaning in infants was 4.83 month. Fruits and fruit juice, infant's most favorite food were the first food introduced to infants. Cereal's were offered frequently as infant foods while animal protein source and vegetables were lesser used 52.8% of mothers purchased commercially prepared infant food , while 33.2% of them did not use it at all. Depending on mother's educational level, mother got information on weaning with the aid of different education materials. The respondents were most interested in the way how to prepare weaning food. It might be suggested that development of effective nutrition education technique specific to the different groups of mothers should be focused.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was examine levels of breastfeeding knowledge, attitude and number of breastfeeding problems in early postpartum period and rate of breastfeeding practice at 3 months. Method: The total numbers of the study subjects were 139 mothers at postpartum unit and followed by postpartum 1 week and 3 months. Result: 1. The mean score of knowledge and attitude and problems toward breast feeding scale were 22.83(SD=5.19), 20.99(SD=3.40), and 9.04(SD=3.59) respectively, indicating low to moderate level according to subjects characteristics, breastfeeding knowledge scores were significantly different by age (F=8.00, p<.001), breastfeeding experience (t=3.26, p<.001) and parity(t=2.39, p<.05), but no difference were found in rate of breastfeeding attitude and number of problems. 2. Rate of breastfeeding practice was 46.5% at three months of postpartum and the breastfeeding practice was significantly different by breastfeeding plan period($x^2$=13.33, p<.001) and monthly income ($x^2$= 3.80, p<.05). 3. Further, breastfeeding practice at 3 months was continuously influenced by number of problems of the breast-feeding(OR=.85) and breastfeeding plan period(OR=2.11) at early postpartum period. Conclusion: The findings suggest the necessity of maternal support during postpartum period to provide correct information about rate of breastfeeding knowledge and attitude to teach problem solving skills for any breastfeeding problems in order to increase rate of breastfeeding practice.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 1989

This study was conducted to gather the baseline data on realities of experimental-practice and opinions toward spot-practice, and to examine how to cope with the problems raised at the Department of Food and Nutrition of Junior Technical College in Korea. Questionnaires were gathered from 42 chairmans of the Department of Food and Nutrition and 140 Present dieticians worked in Seoul, Bucheon am Seongnam area. The results are as follows, First, as a whole, each college had 2~3 experimental laboratory (Lab), in which Cooking Science Lab. Chemistry Lab and Microbiology Lab were occurred at higher frequency as Lab's name. Second, the numbers per experimental-practice class were more than 40 at most colleges. 85% of Present dieticians have answered to feel too much numbers per the class during their college days, whereas professors' opinions toward the numbers per class were suitable at 20~30 persons per class. Third, professors' opinion toward the adquate ratio of the theory subject classes to experimental subject classes was suitable at 60 : 40. Dieticians answered to take the theory subject classes partly or mostly on behalf of the experimental-practice classes. Fourth, the main reasons which inhibited normal experimental-practice class were the class for emphasis on examination, the shortage of experiment budget, the excess of class members, the shortage of experimental Lab Also, this results showed same propensity to present dieticians' opinion toward the same question above. Fifth, among the experimenta1-practice subjects established at the Department of Food and Nutrition, Diet Therapy Lab was highest frequency class emphasized on theory followed by Nutrition Counselling Lab, Food Processing and Storage Lab, Food Hygiene Lab and Food Microbiology Lab in that order. Here, Basic Chemistry Lab, Biochemistry Lab, Food Microbiology Lab were pointed as subjects far from the present task of dieticians. Sixth, Department of Food and Nutrition, as a whole, has conferred with spot-practice arrangement About 50% (all who want to join spot-practice) of second year students took part in spot-practice. In the other way, all colleges except for 2 colleges didn't give the credit for the spot-practice system. Seventh, according to the on analysis on spot-practice places, manufacturing company was at highest frequcney followed by hospitals, elementary school having group feeding system in that order. Especially, 16.7% (5 colleges) of the total colleges sent the students to the research institute related to food industry for spot-practice experience. Eighth, Professors' opinions toward the spot-practice time and period were preferable on summer vacation of second year and for 1~2 weeks, respectively. On the contrary, 74 dieticians answered to the adquate period as for 4 weeks. Ninth, 86 dieticians of the total 140 answered to complete the spot-practice during their college days, which helps the present task of them. Lacks of spot-practice program, Lacks of comprehension of upper personals and lacks of group feeding equipments ranks higher as difficulties in spot-practice management.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.9
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• pp.368-372
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• 2011

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most critical morbidities in preterm infants. The incidence of NEC is 7% in very-low-birthweight infants, and its mortality is 15 to 30%. Infants who survive NEC have various complications, such as nosocomial infection, malnutrition, growth failure, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and neurodevelopmental delays. The most important etiology in the pathogenesis of NEC is structural and immunological intestinal immaturity. In preterm infants with immature gastrointestinal tracts, development of NEC may be associated with a variety of factors, such as colonization with pathogenic bacteria, secondary ischemia, genetic polymorphisms conferring NEC susceptibility, anemia with red blood cell transfusion, and sensitization to cow milk proteins. To date, a variety of preventive strategies has been accepted or attempted in clinical practice with regard to the pathogenesis of NEC. These strategies include the use of breast feeding, various feeding strategies, probiotics, prebiotics, glutamine and arginine, and lactoferrin. There is substantial evidence for the efficacy of breast feeding and the use of probiotics in infants with birth weights above 1,000 g, and these strategies are commonly used in clinical practice. Other preventive strategies, however, require further research to establish their effect on NEC.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1996

The surveys of food intakes were carried out on 49 healthy infants aged 4-9 months at the first interview and repeated 3 more times at the interval of 2 months by using food diary recorded by their mothers. Of the subjects 12 were breast-fed, 28, formula-fed, and 9, mixed type-fed. Foods introduced first as the weaning food were commercial weaning foods, fruit juices, yoghurt, egg and rice. Supplemental food was introduced at the age of 4 months in 57% of the infants, but it amounted to a significant proportion of overall food consumption from the age of 6 months. The levels of nutrients except energy, iron and niacin were similar or in excess of RDA, and breast-fed infants tended to have lower intakes of energy and protein compared to infants formula-fed or mixed type-fed. Average intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C and calcium were above RDA, but iron intake did not meet RDA of infants of all ages. In conclusion, the average status of nutrient intakes of infants was fairly good, however, food consumption besides milk was less in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants, and iron status seemed to be poor, Although it is well-known that breast-milk compared to formulas is more beneficial for infants, mothers feeding breast-milk to their infants should be educated for the importance of supplemental food and its practice to support good nutrition.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate children's eating behaviors and teachers' feeding practices during mealtime at child-care centers. In addition, it focused on the difference of teachers' feeding practices on children age under 2 years ( ${\leq}2$ years old) and 3 years and older (3~5 years old). Methods: A total of 169 teachers working at childcare centers in Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea, completed self-report questionnaires in December 2013. The questionnaires were composed of questions on children's eating behaviors, feeding practices; 'Explain', 'Praise', 'Modeling', 'Indulgent', 'Insist' and 'Reward', interaction with home, and a range of demographic information (analysis rate: 51.2%). Results: Approximately 59.2% of teachers had not taken a class on feeding practice and the average score for nutrition knowledge was 14.6 out of 30 points. The most undesirable eating behavior of children during mealtime was 'eating while walking around (36.7%)' both ' ${\leq}2$ years old' and '3~5 years old'. Regarding feeding practices according to children's undesirable eating behaviors during mealtime, there were differences between age groups. When children did not eat all of the foods that were served and did not clean up silverware or seats after having food, teachers caring for '3~5 years old' practiced 'Explain'. However, percentages of those who practiced 'Indulgent' and 'Modeling' were significantly higher in teachers caring for ' ${\leq}2$ years old' than '3~5 years old'. Conclusion: These findings indicated that teachers caring for children lack education and knowledge about nutrition and feeding practice. In addition, verbal feeding practices, like explain, were mainly used by teachers. As a result, for teachers, guidelines and programs for learning about age appropriate feeding practice during mealtime at child-care centers may be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.757-766
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• 1994

The survey was conducted to investigate several factors affecting the disease outcome with 116 infants aged 10 to 24 months residing in Kunsan city, Cheonbuk province . General characteristics, weaning practice , nutrient intake and the actual state for affecting disease were studied. Among many factors, mother's educational status was found to be the most influencing factor for affecting the disease outcome analyzed by oneway ANOVA. The exposure index disease, cold and diarrrhea, against mother's education were analyzed to find out the major factors for disease outcome. The education group up to middle school graduates, mother's job , nutrients supplements, feeding method, sex of baby were the factors, for the high school graduates, job , nutrients supplements were the causes, and the group graduated from the college the above grade mother's health state was the most important factor for the baby exposing to the disease. The disease outcome decreased when the bottle feeding was replaced by breast feeding, sufficient nutrients supplementation was recommended , and health care for mother during pregnancy was strongly advised.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.419-427
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a workbook program on percieved stress levels, maternal role confidence and breastfeeding practices of mothers of premature infants. Method: This study employed a quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre-and-post test to compare the two groups. Data was collected from 32 subjects from March 10. to September 5, 2003 at an NICU located in S. city. In the sample, fifteen mothers were in the experimental group and seventeen were in the control group. A workbook program was provided twice during a period from two-three days after the baby's admission to one week after the first intervention. The instruments used were the PSS and self confidence scale. Data was analyzed by means of frequency, SD, $x^2-test$, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Result: There was a significant difference in perceived stress levels between the experimental and control group (U=2.366, p=.018). There was not a significant difference in maternal role confidence between the two groups (U=1.002, p=.316). There was a significant difference in breastfeeding practice between the two groups ($x^2=4.910$, p=.035). Conclusion: It is concluded that a program using a workbook has a positive effect on decreasing the perceived stress level and increasing breastfeeding practice.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.331-344
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• 1995

The process of breast feeding was investigated from the 36th week of pregnancy to 12 weeks postnatal, in order to analyze the factors affecting breast feeding duration and provide the basic data on an education program for successful breast feeding. The general characteristics of study group had no marked effects on the breastfeeding duration. The young and highly condition during pregnancy and the degree of morning sickness affected the practice of breastfeeding. In the study of prenatal sociobehavioral factors, intended duration affected the breastfeeding duration, and the maternal perception that breastfeeding is good for weight loss after delivery as well as infant formula milk is not as good as breast milk, led to successful breast feeding. Among the postnatal biological factors, the duration of gestation affected the breast feeding. Among the postnatal biological factors, the duration of gestation affected the breastiffeding outcome. In the case of early parturition, breastfeeding rate was low. Among the postnatal biocultural factors, time of first feed, milk volume and maternal perception of infant's sucking ability affected the bresatfeeding duration. From these result, it is suggested that an education program such as participation of nursing class to the pregnant women should be provided for successful breastfeeding.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.430-439
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the nutritional status of neurosurgical tube-fed patients. The objective of this study was to improve the nutrition management of tube-fed patients. The current practices of tube feeding and enteral nutrition formula as for 95 patients in the hospital were examined by reviewing patients charts, and interviewing patients, nurses and their family members. The results are summarized as follows ; 57.9% of patients that received the formula showed a decrease in mental status. Among the subjects, 55.7% had nervous system diseases due to old age. Most of the tube-fed patients were hospitalized in the emergency room and while hospitalized, the status of their respiratory organ was abnormal. The method of tube-feeding was by Bolus injection and the type of the tube was a 16Fr size silicone tube. The amount of the injection per day while tube-feeding was on average 1424kcal for men and 1322kcal for women and the calories per day ranged from 1000-1500kcal(50.5%). The injection volume averaged 332.7ml and 45% of patients received more than 300ml per injection. The tube feeding intake rate was 127.9ml/min with 50% of subjects in the range of 50-100ml/min and 10% at 20ml/min. The longer the hospitalization, the older age, coma status, and the higher tube feeding rate, the more decreased were the biochemical parameters.