• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2015

A novel process has successfully been developed by overcoming major difficulties through the elimination of number of process steps involved in the Classical Transesterification reaction during the preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl/Ethyl Ester (FAME.FAEE) called biodiesel. The Classical process with cost intensive process steps such as the utilization of excess alcohol, needing downstream distillation for the recovery and reutilization of excess alcohol/cosolvent, unrecoverable homogenous catalyst which consumes vast quantity of fresh distilled water during the purification of the product and downstream waste water treatment before its safe disposal to the surface water body. The Novel Process FAME/FAEE is produced from any vegetable oil irrespective of edible or inedible variety using sonication energy. The novelty of the finding is the use of only theoretical quantity of alcohol along with a co-solvent and reduced quantity of homogeneous catalyst. Under this condition neither the homogeneous catalyst goes to the FAME layer nor is the distillation needed. The same ester also has been prepared in high pressure high temperature reactor without using catalyst at sub critical temperature. The quality of prepared biodiesel without involving any purification step meets the ASTM standards. Blended Biodiesel with Common Diesel Fuel (CDF) and FAME is prepared, characterized and used as fuel in the Kirloskar make CI Engines. The evaluation of the engine performance result of pure CDF, B05 biodiesel, B10 biodiesel of all types of biodiesel prepared by using the feedstock of Soybean (Glycine max) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnate) oil along with their mixed oil provides useful information such as brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, etc, and established it as ideal fuel for unmodified CI engine.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2011

논 토양에서 청보리, 자운영과 트리티케일을 시용하고 벼생육초기에 토양 미생물 생태계의 변화에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 녹비를 시용한 처리구는 관행에 비해 토양 유기물 함량은 유의적으로 증가하였으나 토양의 나트륨 함량은 유의적인 감소를 나타냈다. 내생균근균의 함량과 구성비율은 녹비 시용으로 관행 보다 유의적으로 높아졌으며 특히 청보리 처리구가 가장 높았다. 또한 토양의 그람음성 세균과 그람양성 세균의 비율과 불포화지방산과 포화지방산 함량의 비율은 청보리 처리구가 다른 처리구에 비해 유의적인 증가를 보였다. 그리고 주성분 분석에서 PC 1에 가장 큰 영향을 미친 미생물 군집은 그람음성 세균인 것으로 나타났으며 청보리 처리구는 관행과 가장 큰 차이를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 종합한 결과 청보리는 논 토양의 초기 미생물 다양성을 증대시킬 수 있는 최적의 녹비작물로 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.118-126
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• 2011

Ester-linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL-FAME) profiles were used to describe differences in soil microbial communities influenced by conventional farming system (CFS), and organic farming system (OFS) in controlled horticultural land. Soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial communities were determined in the experimental fields. Higher organic matter content in OFS reduced soil bulk density which in turn increased the soil porosity. Generally, soil chemical properties in OFS were higher than those of CFS, but EC value in OFS was significantly lower than that of CFS. With the exception of Fe content, other macronutrient contents and pH in both farming system decreased with the soil depth. Soil microbial biomass of OFS was approximately 1.3 times in topsoil and 1.8 times in subsoil higher than those of CFS. Lower ratios of cy17:0 to $16:1{\omega}7c$ and cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ were found in the CFS soils than the OFS soils, indicating that microbial stress decreased. The ratio of MUFA to SFA was higher in OFS due to organic input to the soil. In principal components analysis (PCA), the first variable accounted for 54.3%, while the second for 27.3%, respectively. The PC1 of the PCA separated the samples from CFS and OFS, while the PC2 of the PCA separated the samples from topsoil and subsoil. EL-FAMEs with the positive eigenvector coefficients for PC1 were cy17: 0 to $16:1{\omega}7c$ ratio, cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ ratio, soil pH, soil organic matter, and soil $NO_3$-N content. Our findings suggest that the shifting cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ ratio should be considered as potential factors responsible for the clear microbial community differentiation observed between different cultivation systems and soil depth in controlled horticultural land.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.492-497
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• 2011

경남지역 과수원 토양 25개소를 대상으로 2010년에 미생물 군집을 분석하고 토성, 지형 및 작물별 주요 변동요인을 주성분 분석으로 해석하였다. 경남지역 과수원 토양 평균값은 총 FAME 함량이 $332nmol\;g^{-1}$이었으며 총 세균 함량은 $94nmol\;g^{-1}$, 그람음성 세균 함량은 $46nmol\;g^{-1}$, 그람양성 세균은 $42nmol\;g^{-1}$, 방선균 함량은 $4.8nmol\;g^{-1}$, 곰팡이 함량은 $54nmol\;g^{-1}$, 내생균근균 함량은 $9.1nmol\;g^{-1}$ 이었다. 미생물의 환경스트레스 지수인 토양 cy19:0과 18:$1{\omega}7c$ 비율은 사양토에서 0.36으로 양토 0.80 보다 유의적으로 낮아 (p<0.05) 토양 미생물의 스트레스가 적었다. 과수원 토양 평균 미생물은 총 세균이 28.1%, 곰팡이 15.9%, 그람음성 세균은 13.6%, 그람양성 세균은 12.5%, 내생균근균 2.8%, 방선균 1.4%의 비율을 나타냈다. 복숭아 재배지의 토양 그람음성 세균 군집은 15.2%로서 배 재배지 12.8%에 비해 유의적으로 높은 비율을 나타냈다 (p<0.05). 주성분 분석결과 지형, 토성, 작물별 유의적인 차이가 없었으며 토양 미생물 군집의 다양성을 관리하기 위해 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2016

The biodegradable film application can escape from plastic environmental pollution. This experiments studied the effect of biodegradable mulch film on the soil microbial community using fatty acid methyl ester method in soybean production field. The soil $NO_3$-N content in polyethylene mulch film (PE) soil was significantly higher than biodegradable mulch film soil (p < 0.05). The soil microbial community of Gram negative bacteria showed significantly higher in biodegradable mulch film soil than PE mulch film soil (p < 0.05). In addition, biodegradable mulch film soil had significantly low ratio of cy17:0 to $16:1{\omega}7c$ and cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ compared with those of PE mulch film soil (p < 0.05), indicating that microbial stress decreased. The ratio of cy17:0 to $16:1{\omega}7c$ and cy19:0 to $18:1{\omega}7c$ should be considered as a potential responsible factor for the obvious differentiation that was observed between the biodegradable mulch film soil and PE mulch film soil in a upland field. The results of this experimentation show the potential of using biodegradable mulch film in place of PE.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.1048-1056
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• 2018

비식용 원료인 Palm Acid Oil, 동물성 폐유지 등은 상대적으로 자유 지방산 함량이 높기 때문에 일반적인 염기 촉매를 이용한 전이에스테르화 반응에 적합하지 않다. 효소 촉매를 이용하면 염기 촉매에서 해결할 수 없는 몇 가지 문제를 해결할 수 있으며, 에너지 소비가 작고, 바이오디젤 부산물인 글리세롤 회수가 쉬우며, 자유 지방산 함량이 높은 트리글리세라이드에 대한 전이에스테르화 반응이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 고정화 효소 촉매를 이용하여 1 ton/day 용량의 반응기에서 비식용 폐유지를 바이오디젤로 합성하였으며, 반응 공정의 변수를 최적화하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1597-1606
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• 2020

Transcription factor engineering to regulate multiple genes has shown promise in the field of microalgae genetic engineering. Here, we report the first use of transcription factor engineering in Chlorella sp. HS2, thought to have potential for producing biofuels and bioproducts. We identified seven endogenous bZIP transcription factors in Chlorella sp. HS2 and named them HSbZIP1 through HSbZIP7. We overexpressed HSbZIP1, a C-type bZIP transcription factor, in Chlorella sp. HS2 with the goal of enhancing lipid production. Phenotype screening under heterotrophic conditions showed that all transformants exhibited increased fatty acid production. In particular, HSbZIP1 37 and 58 showed fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields of 859 and 1,052 mg/l, respectively, at day 10 of growth under heterotrophic conditions, and these yields were 74% and 113% higher, respectively, than that of WT. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the improved phenotypes, we identified candidate HSbZIP1-regulated genes via transcription factor binding site analysis. We then selected three genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and investigated mRNA expression levels of the genes by qRT-PCR. The result revealed that the possible HSbZIP1-regulated genes involved in fatty acid synthesis were upregulated in the HSbZIP1 transformants. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HSbZIP1 can be utilized to improve lipid production in Chlorella sp. HS2 under heterotrophic conditions.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 1998

Vibrio cholerae non-O1 49균주와 V. Vibrio cholerae non-O1, V. mimicus, V. vulnificus와 V. parahaemolyticus의 균체 지방산(fatty acid methyl ester; FAME)을 gas liquid chromatogrphy로 분석하였다. 이들 분석자료를 통계학적으로 처리하여 Vibrio 종과 V. cholerae의 혈청형별 유연성을 비교 검토하였다. 검출된 지방산은 모두 41종이었고 분포량이 많은 것은 16:0, 16:1 cis 9, 18:1 trans 9/16/cis 11과 15:0 iso 2 OH/16:1 cis 9였다. 검출된 지방산 중에서 35종은 V. cholerae를 동정하는데 주요한 인자로 작용되었다 지방산분포를 UPGMA(비가중수리분석)으로 dendrogram을 작성한 결과 V. cholerae non-O!은 V. cholerae O1보다 V. choleare non-O1 중에서 O2, O5, O8, O10, O14, O27, O37, O39, O45와 O69의 총 10종류 혈청을 대상으로 지방산 조성에 의한 유사성을 검토한 결과 유사도가 92% 이상 수준에서 7개의 아종을 형성하여 혈청형과 지방산 조성간에는 유의할 만한 상관관계가 있었다. 따라서 V. cholerae non-O1의 동정 및 역학적인 조사시 지방산 분석은 유용하게 활용될수 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.110-117
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• 2014

Recently microalgae have been proposed as a promising biodiesel feedstock, owing to their higher lipid productivity and non-arable land based cultivation system. Biomass and lipid productivities of microalgae are largely affected by various environmental and nutritional factors. In this study, the effects of nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) and organic carbon (glucose and glycerol) sources on the cell growth and lipid production of Chlorella sp. KR-1 were examined in flask cultures. Under autotrophic culture conditions for 15 days, overall cell growth and lipid (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) production with nitrate were better than those of ammonium, resulting in 1.06 g cell/L and 333 mg FAME/L, respectively. Maximal intracellular lipid contents (348 - 352 mg FAME/g cell) were observed at low concentrations of 1 mM for both nitrate and ammonium. In the supply of light, addition of glucose in the range of 1 - 20 g/L showed higher cell densities than the autotrophic cell growth condition. Higher lipid accumulation of 375 mg FAME/g cell could achieved at 5 g glucose/L albeit of relatively short incubation of 7 days. With glycerol, intracellular lipid contents were ~1.9 times lower than glucose cases although similar cell growths were observed for both carbon sources.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1176-1180
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• 2011

경남지역 논 토양의 미사질양토 11개소, 사양토 4개소, 양토 5개소를 선정하여 FAME 분석기법을 적용하여 미생물군집을 분석하였다. 곰팡이 지방산 함량은 양토가 $76nmol\;g^{-1}$로서 사양토 $45nmol\;g^{-1}$에 비해 유의적으로 많았다 (p<0.05). 토양 양이온 치환용량은 미사질양토가 $14.7cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$으로 사양토 $11.8cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$보다 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). cy19:0과 18:$1{\omega}7c$ 비율은 미사질양토가 0.77로 사양토 0.47 보다 유의적으로 높았다 (p<0.05). 방선균 군집은 양토가 1.34%로 사양토의 0.92%에 비해 유의적으로 많았다 (p<0.05).