• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.49-67
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the effects of Hwanggimacmundong-tang extract (HM) on obese rats with estrogen deficiency. Methods: The experiments were performed with ovariectomized rats as estrogen-deficient obesity model. Rats were grouped NC (Normal Control Group; sham operation group), OC (Obesity Control Group; estrogen-deficient group), HML (20 mg/kg/day), HMH (100 mg/kg/day). HM was administered orally for six weeks. Body weights and serum lipid level were measured, and real-time PCR was performed to estimate the effect of HM on gene expression in liver. Results: HM decreased the total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum. And HM increased leptin, CPT1 gene expression in liver tissue of obese rats with estrogen deficiency. However HM decreased $PPAR{\gamma}$, $PGC-1{\alpha}$, HMGCR, CYP8B1, LPL, ACAT1, ACAT2, ApoB, ACOX gene expression in liver tissue of obese rats with estrogen deficiency. Conclusions: It is concluded that HM reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, and regulate gene expression related to lipid metabolism. These results indicate Hwanggimacmundong-tang that might have potential for treatment of obesity and complications during the menopause caused by estrogen-deficiency.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2022

Background: Estrogen deficiency affects the structure and function of the salivary glands in women, leading to a decrease in salivary secretion and a change in the composition of saliva. Previous studies on changes in the salivary glands that cause estrogen deficiency have reported only partial results for the parotid and submandibular glands, and there are few comparative morphological studies of histological changes between the parotid and submandibular glands in ovariectomized rats (OVX) leading to estrogen deficiency. This study aimed to analyze the histopathological and histochemical changes in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands causing estrogen deficiency by using OVX, and to discuss the mechanism on these changes. Methods: The parotid and submandibular glands from sacrificed control and OVX groups were fixed with cold 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). The tissues were dehydrated using a series of graded ethyl alcohol and embedded in paraffin. For histopathological analysis, sections cut to a thickness of 6 to 7 ㎛ were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). For histochemical analysis, Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB, pH 2.5), and PAS+AB (pH 2.5 and pH 1) staining was performed. Results: Histopathological analysis of OVX tissue showed that the parotid and submandibular salivary glands were broadly and clearly separated and divided into lobes. In OVX, acinar and ductal cells with condensed polymorphic or pyknotic nucleus, which are presumed to be characteristic of apoptotic cells, and degenerated cells with lipid deposition in cytoplasmic granules and ruptured membranes were increased. Histochemical analysis of OVX, confirmed an increase in the number and acidification of acinar secretory granules. Conclusion: Histopathological and histochemical changes and the effects of estrogen deficiency are more evident in the submandibular salivary gland than in the parotid gland.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2012

Objectives: GG is the EtOH fraction of extract of Pueraria lobata. In this study, we aimed to elucidate a possibility that GG reduce obesity and obesity-derived complications such as cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Methods: The effects of GG on the estrogen-deficient obese rats and the level of gene expression in muscle of rats were investigated. Results: GG decreased body weight in obese rats with estrogen deficiency. GG increased leptin gene expression in obese rats with estrogen deficiency. GG decreased TNFa gene expression in obese rats with estrogen deficiency. And GG increased PPAR-gamma, PGC-1a, Prdx6, FDFT1, and ACC gene expression of those in obese rats. Conclusions: We conclude GG might reduce body weight and regulate gene expression of muscle in obese rats.

• 약학회지
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.522-528
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• 2010

This study was designed to examine the effect of estrogen deficiency on the metabolism of ethanol in ovariectomized rats. Female rats were assigned to an ovariectomy (OVX) and a sham (SHAM) surgery group. Gain body weight was greater in incresed in OVX group and especially uterus weight significantly decrease depending on the concentration of estrogen after 3 month of ovariectomy. Ethanol at the tolerative dose (6 g/kg) was injected to rats by oral administration to measure the concentration of ethanol in blood. The area under the blood concentration time curve (AUC) was significantly lower in OVX group than SHAM group. The significant decrease in AUC in OVX group indicates that the estrogen deficiency leads to changes of the factors related to ethanol metabolism. Activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase was not significantly influenced by the ovariectomy and also the ethanol elimination rate in vivo was not different. Cytochrome P450 isozymes did not show any changes except CYP 1A1 and 2E1. Level of hepatic glutathione in OVX group was higher after treatment of ethanol. Therefore the reduction of AUC appears not to be directly associated with the difference of ethanol metabolizing enzyme, but to be related with the physical factors like body weight.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.515-527
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• 1996

The most serious problem resulting from estrogen deficiency induce osteo porosis. Recently, they make efforts to inquire a relation between hematopoietic organ and bone loss due to estrogen deficiency. Estrogen have an effect on growth and formation of skeletal system, and inhibit bone resorption under the influence of osteoblast and osteoclast, and basically inhibit the increase of hematopoietic progenitor and immune factor connected with bone resorption and prevent the osteoid formation. The purpose of this article was to observe the change of spleen and effect on hematopoietic function following estrogen administration. In this study, female rats of 150g weight was ovariectomized, after 70 days, experimental group was injected estrogen at interval of a week and sacrificed on 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 weeks. Control group was sacrificed after ovariectomy on 11, 12, 13, 14, 16 weeks without estrogen injection, and normal rats were sacrificed for harvest of spleen and femur. Paraffin sections and H&E stain was performed, and observed under light microscope. The obtained results were as follows. 1. From 11 to 12 weeks at bone marrow of control group, hematopoietic cells were decreased in comparison with normal group, and lipid infiltration was seen, and irregular bone remodelling was seen after 13 weeks. From 14 to 16 weeks, there were more decreased hematopoietic cells and lipid degeneration, and lipid degeneration of hematopoietic cells appeared. 2. All the bone marrow of experimental group, the structure of hematopoietic cells with decreased lipid infiltration was recovered from 2 weeks of estrogen adminstration and maintained to 6 weeks. 3. At spleen of control group, borders of white and red pulp was not well demarcated, and size of white pulp was decreased. 4. At spleen of experimental group, borders between white and red pulp have been well demarcated from 3 weeks of estrogen adminstration relatively, and white pulp was increased with distinct border. From above findings, we could regarded that estrogen deficiency due to ovariectomy influenced on hematopoietic cells of bone marrow and spleen, and histologic recovery of hematopoietic cells were observed after 3 weeks of estrogen adminstration even if it was not reach to normal group.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

Objectives Depletion of ovarian function after menopause in women induces estrogen deficiency leading to increased fat and decreased muscle mass. In this study, we examined the effect of herbal medicines by measuring hormone expression in muscle tissue of estrogen-deficient rats induced by ovariectomy. Methods Ovariectomy was performed to induce estrogen deficiency, and mice were given herbal prescription (HP) for 6 weeks. Estrogen-deficient rats were divided into two groups: one group (HPH) which were orally administered HP 200 mg/kg and the other group (HPL) administered HP 40 mg/kg. Weight changes in both groups were measured using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After extraction of the femoral muscles in mice, the expression of the leptin, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), diacyl glycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α, NADH dehydrogenase (NDH), farnesyl diphosphate farnesyltransferase (FDFT)1, lanosterol synthase (LSS), phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), and peroxiredoxin (Prdx6) were measured using PCR. Results HP increased the expression of leptin, LPL, DGAT1, PGC-1α, NDH, FDFT1, LSS, PEMT, and Prdx6. HP affects body fat metabolism and is effective in improving menopausal obesity and obesity complications caused by estrogen deficiency. However, HP does not affect the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and thus will not be effective in obesity-related metabolic diseases. Conclusions HP is thought to inhibit weight gain by regulating hormone expression related to glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in muscle tissue of estrogen-deficient rats.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.140.3-141
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• 2003

Isoflavones have been a central subject in natural phytoestrogens found in Leguminosae. Their effects on bone formation and remodeling are an important turning point in that they can act like estrogen by binding on estrogen receptors on target cell surface. We, therefore, believed that isoflavones may be applied in estrogen deficiency disease such as osteoporosis in terms of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). As commonly known, osteoporosis is one of hormonal deficiency diseases, especially in menopausal women. (omitted)

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Pueraria lobata (PL) extract on obesity related hormones in rats with estrogen deficiency. Methods: The experiments were performed with the use of ovariectomized rats as estrogen-deficient obesity rat model. They were grouped Normal (sham operation group), Control (ovariectomy group), 50 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋50 mg/kg of PL), 100 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋100 mg/kg of PL), 200 mg/kg PL (ovariectomy group＋200 mg/kg of PL). PL extract was orally administered for 8 weeks once a day. Body weights and serum levels of hormones, such as leptin, estradiol, cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and adiponectin were estimated by ELISA. Results: PL extract significantly decreased body weight, the serum levels of leptin in estrogen-deficient obesity rats. PL extract significantly increased the serum levels of estradiol and CCK. However, PL extract did not directly effect on the levels of ghrelin and adiponectin in estrogen-deficient obesity rats. Conclusions: It is concluded that PL extract reduced body weight, and regulate the hormones related to energy metabolism. PL extract decreased the serum levels of leptin. PL extract increased the serum levels of estradiol and CCK. These results indicate that PL might have potentials for treatment of obesity and complications during the menopause caused by estrogen-deficiency.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.247-254
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• 1992

1주령 병아리에 무콜린 식이를 급여하거나 무콜린 식이에 butanolamine을 첨가 급여하여 콜린 결핍을 심화시켜, 콜린 결핍이 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 그 결과 콜린 결핍은 간장중량, 혈장 지질 및 지단백 수준에 유의적인 영향을 나타내지 않았다. 또한 간세포의 소포체에서 $^{14}$ C-oleic acid의 지질 혼입율에도 유의적인 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 한편 estrogen을 투여하여 고지혈증을 야기 시킨 경우 콜린 결핍군의 VLDL상승 정도가 낮은 경향을 나타내었고 비간장 무게와 간장의 지질함량은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 한편 콜린 결핍은 병아리의 성장을 저해하였다 성장에 필요한 콜린을 충분히 합성하지 못하는 어린 병아리에 콜린 결핍을 야기 시켜 얻어진 이러한 결과는 간세포에서의 VLDL방출에 콜린이 크게 작용하지 않음을 시사하여 주었다. 그러나 고지혈증이 유발된 상황에서 극심한 콜린 결핍은 VIDL방출에 약간의 영향을 끼칠 수도 있음을 나타내었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.402-408
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• 2005

난소 절제술을 시행한 백서에서 에스트로겐 호르몬의 결핍으로 인한 상아-치수 복합체의 변화를 관찰하였다. 30 마리의 암놈 Sprague-Dawley rats을 두 군으로 나누어 1 군은 Sham-surgery를 시행하였고, 2 군은 양측 난소 절제술을 시행하였다. 백서는 12주 뒤에 모두 희생시켜, 하악 치아와 인접한 치주조직을 포함하여 절제하였고, $10\%$ 중성 포르말린 용액에 고정하였다. 두 군의 차이점을 비교하기 위하여 방사선 사진을 촬영하고, osteonectin을 이용한 면역 화학 염색법을 시행하였다. 조직 형태학적 차이점을 측정하기 위하여 영상 분석 프로그램을 사용하였고, 분석 방법으로는 Paired t-test를 사용하였다 (p < 0.05). Osteonectin을 이용한 면역 화학 염색 결과, 두 군간에는 유의성 있는 차이점이 존재하였다. 난소 절제술을 시행한 백서군에서는 전상아질층의 두께가 현저히 증가하였고, Sham-surgery 군에서는 전상아질 층과 치수 조직에서 osteonectin이 좀 더 특이적으로 염색되어 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 결론지어보면, 백서에서 인위적으로 난소 절제술을 시행하였을 때 광화되지 않은 전상아질층의 두께가 증가하고, 치수 조직과 전상아질층내의 osteonectin 함량이 감소되며, 결국 에스트로겐 결핍은 조상아 세포의 기전을 변화시킨다고 할 수 있다.