• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2010

Objectives: Standard is a unified criterion for some repeated things or concepts in a certain scope. It is fundamental to implement standardization in English translation of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) formulae to promote progress in the evaluation of TKM and also to serve in enhancing the efficiency in studies of medical formulae. Methods: We undertook literature research on current Korean and Chinese medicinal formulae in English translation, analyzing 485 Korean formulae and 464 Chinese. We also undertook a comparative study of 102 common English translation of both Korean and Chinese, proposing a constant and effective methods for English translation of medical formulae. Results: To have a precise English translation we classified medical formulae nomenclature in advance. We found that formulae naming can be fundamentally classified into 6 forms which are (a) Materia Medica + Preparation Form, (b) Materia Medica + Indication + Preparation Form, (c) Materia Medica Numbers + Preparation Form, (d) Indication + Preparation Form, (e) Concept + Preparation Form, and (f) Miscellaneous. Based on these findings we could determine that these 6 types ((a)-(f)) can all be translated into English by (1) Materia Medica + Preparation Form and (2) Indication + Preparation Form + of (with) + Materia Medica schemes. In regard to translation of Indication it can follow Noun+~ing participle form. Conclusion: This research provides a common method of TKM medicinal formulae English translation for better understanding, education, training, practice and research in TKM. Consequently, English translation using these methods can serve as the initial study for standardization of TKM medicinal formulae.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-84
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• 2012

The present study investigated the effect of sentence translation as a production task on short-term and long-term retention of foreign vocabulary. 87 EFL university students at a beginning level, enrolled in reading class participated in the study. The study compared the performance of three groups on vocabulary recall: (1) Control group, (2) Translation group, and (3) Copy group. During the treatment sessions, translation group translated L1 sentences into English, while copy group simply copied given English sentences with each target word. Results of the immediate test were collected each week from week 2 to week 5 and analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results revealed that regarding short-term vocabulary retention, participants in rote-copy condition outperformed those in translation group. Four weeks later a delayed test was administered to measure long-term vocabulary retention. In contrast, the results of two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed that long-term vocabulary retention of translation group was significantly greater than copy group. The findings suggest that although sentence translation is rather challenging to low-level learners, it may facilitate long-term retention of new vocabulary given the more elaborate and deeper processing the task entails.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.103-115
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• 2013

Objectives: This study proposes a new form of English translation in comparison with that shown in English books related to Sasang Constitutional medicine formulae which have been published up to now. Methods: This study formulated a new form of English translation guidelines by making a comparative analysis of the English translation cases listed in "Korean-English Dictionary of Oriental Medicine", "Longevity and Life Preservation in Eastern Medicine", and "Introduction to Sasang Constitutional Medicine". Results: This study as a common rules suggested that names of preparation form should be placed at the very end of the formula name and the first letters of the major words of the formula name should be capitalized. In addition, for the sake of accuracy in English translation of the formula name, this study divided the formula names into 8 types. The 8 sorts of types include: (a) Materia Medica + Preparation Form, (b) Materia Medica + Indication + Preparation Form, (c) Materia Medica Numbers + Preparation Form, (d) Indication + Preparation Form, (e) Concept + Preparation Form, (f) Concept + Materia Medica + Preparation Form, (g) Concept + Indication + Preparation Form, (h) Etcetera. In these types, medicinal herbs should be written in scientific name, and translation of indication can follow Noun+~ing participle form. In case of the terms having a Korean-medicine-based meaning, this study aimed for source-oriented translation. Conclusions: This study provides a general English translation method and examples of the formula names for Sasang constitutional medicine.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.165-171
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• 2018

As the artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in machine translation (MT) which has loomed large as a new translation paradigm, concerns have also arisen if MT can produce a quality product as human translation (HT) can. In fact, several MT experimental studies report cases in which the MT product called post-editing (PE) as equally as HT or often superior ([1],[2],[6]). As motivated from those studies on translation quality between HT and PE, this study set up an experimental situation in which Korean literature was translated into English, comparatively, by 3 translators and 3 post-editors. Afterwards, a group of 3 other Koreans checked for accuracy of HT and PE; a group of 3 English native speakers scored for fluency of HT and PE. The findings are (1) HT took the translation time, at least, twice longer than PE. (2) Both HT and PE produced similar error types, and Mistranslation and Omission were the major errors for accuracy and Grammar for fluency. (3) HT turned to be inferior to PE for both accuracy and fluency.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.871-905
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• 2010

This paper is motivated by Watanabe's (2001) observation that English byphrase passives are sometimes translated into Japanese object topicalization constructions. That is, the original English sentence in the passive may be translated into the active voice with the logical object topicalized. A number of scholars, including Chomsky (1981) and Baker (1992), have remarked that languages have various ways to avoid focusing on the logical subject. The aim of the present study is to examine the translation equivalents of the English by-phrase passives in an English-Korean parallel corpus compiled by the author. A small sample of articles from Newsweek magazine and its published Korean translation reveals that there are indeed many ways to translate English by-phrase passives, including object topicalization (12.5%). Among the 64 translated sentences analyzed and classified, 12 (18.8%) examples were problematic in terms of agent defocusing, which is the primary function of passives. Of these 12 instances, five cases were identified where an alternative translation would be more suitable. The results suggest that the functional characteristics of English by-phrase passives should be highlighted in translator training as well as language teaching.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was to propose how to translate journal references into english for enhancing citation index of the journals published in the Korean Oriental Medical Society. Methods : Journal reference is mainly composed of author name, title or book name, journal name such as Index Medicus or publisher name, etc. In order to find the appropriate equivalents to the above major constituents, head words extracted from all the references of Journal of Korean Oriental Medical Society published in 2002 to 2009. A plan for English translation of the journal reference was formulated and the glossary was prepared. Plan for English translation of the journal reference : 1. Author: Author name was represented as capitalized last name and two initials of first name and listed up to six. If there are more, the first three or six authors were listed with 'et al'. 2. Terminology of traditional Korean medicine: Standard korean traditional medical terminology was one of the current representative dictionary with as much as 6040 headwords, which was needed to be translated into English in order to provide substantial equivalents available for English translation of journal reference. Therefor 4361 english equivalents were to be newly adopted except for 1679 overlapped with them in WHO-IST. Source oriented translation and target oriented translation were allowed to be appropriately selected depending on the condition. In addition, principle of English translation of acupoint,medicinal Herbs, Herbal formula and classical works were proposed. 3. Basically the names of journals should be set in italics and abbreviated according to the List of journals indexed for medline (formerly Index Medicus) published by the National Library of Medicine. however, abbreviation of korean oriental medical journals were not yet established. Thus establishment of tentative korean index medicus should be considered. Conclusions : For the enhancement of journal citation index of korean traditional medical journals, it was suggested that english translation of journal reference should be one of the alternatives enhancing citation rate.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.121-128
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• 2024

With the recent rise in the use of AI-based online translation tools, interest in their methods and effects on education has grown. This study involved 30 prospective elementary school teachers who completed an English writing task using an AI-based online translation tool. The study focused on assessing the impact of these tools on English writing skills and their practical applications. It examined the usability, educational value, and the advantages and disadvantages of the AI translation tool. Through data collected via writing tests, surveys, and interviews, the study revealed that the use of translation tools positively affects English writing skills. From the learners' perspective, these tools were perceived to provide support and convenience for learning. However, there was also recognition of the need for educational strategies to effectively use these tools, alongside concerns about methods to enhance the completeness or accuracy of translations and the potential for over-reliance on the tools. The study concluded that for effective utilization of translation tools, the implementation of educational strategies and the role of the teacher are crucial.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.105-114
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• 2007

This paper addresses a method for customizing an English-to-Korean machine translation system from general domain to patent domain. The customizing method consists of following steps: 1) linguistically studying about characteristics of patent documents, 2) extracting unknown words from large patent documents and constructing large bilingual terminology, 3) extracting and constructing the patent-specific translation patterns 4) customizing the translation engine modules of the existing general MT system according to linguistic study about characteristics of patent documents, and 5) evaluating the accuracy of translation modules and the translation quality. This research was performed under the auspices of the MIC (Ministry of Information and Communication) of Korean government during 2005-2006. The translation accuracy of the customized English-Korean patent translation system is 82.43% on the average in 5 patent fields (machinery, electronics, chemistry, medicine and computer) according to the evaluation of 7 professional human translators. In 2006, the patent MT system started an on-line patent MT service in IPAC (International Patent Assistance Center) under MOCIE (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy) in Korea. In 2007, KIPO (Korean Intellectual Property Office) tries to launch an English-Korean patent MT service.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.69-101
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• 2011

Based on the previous translation studies and "WHO-IST", we selected terminology, which are required the definition and explanation among jargon expressed in "Dongeuisusebowon Discourse on Nature and Act", and the procedure of the definition, explanation, and translation in Korean and English has been followed. The outcomes of this study are presented as below: First, based on the existing translation studies, Korean and English translation of "Dongeuisusebowon Discourse on Nature and Act" is provided. Second, few of Terminology in "Dongeuisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)" have been written in WHO-IST, even most of them have been standardized in terms of "Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經)". Therefore, terminology related to Four-constitution medicine in WHO-IST would be required to be corrected, and unattatched terminology should be added in the future. Third, in order to standardize and globalize Four-constitution medicine, further definition, explanation, and translation studies of the rest of Dongeuisusebowon should be continued.

• MALSORI
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• no.61
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• pp.31-48
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• 2007

This study investigated the roles of name agreement and word frequency in the English-Korean word translation task. Using the low-frequency homonyms with low name agreement as stimuli, Experiment 1 revealed that the name agreement of materials is a determinant which could modulate times to translate English words into Korean equivalents. On the contrary, Experiment 2 showed that the name agreement of materials does not play a decisive role in the translation task, using the low-frequency homonyms having high name agreement as stimuli. In Experiment 3, we identified that the frequency effects observed from previous two experiments are indeed brought about during the lexical access. Our findings suggest that the word frequencies of materials have a strong influence on English-Korean word translation times, and homonyms are represented independently each other in the lexeme level.