• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2009

For the safety and cost reduction in the navigation, the automatic and intelligent system has been developed for the vessel, and the most important factor in the system is to decide the collision risk exactly. In this paper, we propose an advanced collision risk decision system for collision avoidance of the system. The conventional researches using DCPA and TCPA for calculating the collision risk have a problem to produce a same collision risk regardless of bearings for the ships, if they are located in the same distance from own ship. To solve this problem, in addition to DCPA and TCPA, we introduce the factor of VCD(variation of compass degree) and constant, CR which derived from COLREG'72(International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea, 1972) for evaluating the collision risk including even the burden of own ship navigator due to the encountering angle of each vessels. We decided the collision risk legally by the rule considering the relative situation of vessels. And therefore, the proposed system has two advantages, of which one is to produce more detail collision risk and another is to reflect the real underway situation in conformity with the rule.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2011

Korea coastal area is highly potential dangerous zone of marine accident due to frequent ship's encounters. VTS center can't identify ship's information because of beyond VHF range. It is also difficult of us to efficiently manage vessel traffic beyond VTS control area, so that it can't prevent marine accident. Presently, korean government is conducting maritime traffic safety assessment according to enlargement of harbor & development of new port but do not have the system which provide danger of information depending on maritime traffic environment with real time. So it is necessary to develop evaluation index which can assess sea risk through the evaluation of maritime traffic environment. In this paper, on the basis of vessel navigator's risk consciousness, we carried out survey & statistical analysis vessel navigator's subjective risk depending on the LOA, crossing situation($045^{\circ}$, $090^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$), overtaking, head-on situation, encountering vessel's side, within or outside harbor, speed with other vessel(ex. same, fast or slow), speed difference with other vessel and distance with other vessel & propose basic expression to develop maritime traffic safety evaluation model. And by using this model, we can confirm that this proposing expression is suitable for domestic maritime traffic environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 1999

In this study, the stability analysis of a fishing vessel in a seaway was done. The stability analysis is an important item in the ship design, and so the ship registers of each nation constrain the ships to be followed the stability criterion. Stability variation, exciting forces due to wave and wind, and the broaching phenomena cause the capsizing of a ship. In this study, the stability analysis to study of the capsizing of a fishing vessel was performed. The relation between the speed of the ship and the wave length, that makes the encountering frequency vanish, was obtained. It was found that the encountering frequency tend to be zero when the wave whose length and direction are similar to those of ship. In this case, the possibility of dangerous situation becomes high. The calculated restoring arm becomes small when the ship is located near the wave crest. In general, the selected small fishing vessel is better than the large ship with respect to the stability, however the wave height becomes relatively high because of her small length Kim(l994) calculated the stability variation of the large cargo ship, the results of which showed the changes in stability great. But in the selected small fishing vessel in this study, the changes was small in comparison with the larger ship. This reason seems to be the shape of her midship section. In large cargo ships, the block coefficient is large, but that of the fishing vessel is relatively small and the small fishing vessel has chine, therefore the center of buoyancy moves much when the ship is inclined. It is desirable that the dynamic stability analysis for a fishing vessel, whose speed and direction are similar to those of waves, shall be done in the near future.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.93-102
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• 2017

When VTSOs (Vessel Traffic Service Operator) determine the degree of collision risk for two vessels, they consider comprehensive information about each vessel's course, speed, DCPA, TCPA, and encountering situation. In this study, we proposed a utility function based on the risk attitudes of VTSOs toward the Risk Index (RI). The RI was calculated using the risk of encounter, the risk of approach, and the risk of time for two vessels in order to predict each ship's collision risk from the VTS viewpoint. We obtained each coefficient of the RI and the risk attitude through a survey of collision risks among VTSOs of Korea. In order to verify whether the proposed utility is reasonable, we validated by applying the degree of collision risk to some historical cases of accidents in Busan port along with the Ship of ES value($ES_S$) of ES(Environmental Stress) model.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.5 s.207
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• pp.199-219
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and to identify the related factors of overweight among young children. The study subjects were 138 children, aged 3-5, attending child care centers in the Kyungbuk area. We assessed a wide range of collected variables including general characteristics, anthropometric data, dietary habits, stress, food preferences, and food frequencies of young children, and anthropometric data and general characteristics of their parents. The results of this study were analyzed with $\chi$$^{2}$_ or t-test using SPSS package program. The subjects were classified into two groups using the weight for length index WLI criteria: normal group(n=101) and overweight group(n=37). Forty-nine percent of mothers of overweight children did not recognize their child's current overweight status. Scores for encountering criticized-violent situation stress, hurt-pride stress and total stress were higher in the overweight group than in the normal group. The frequency of snacking and the appetite of the overweight group were increased compared to those of the normal group. The overweight group had higher preferences for salad, kimbab, boiled rice with meat, vegetables and Chinese noodles, chicken, shell, banana, soybean milk, hotdog, and potato than the normal group. The overweight group showed higher consumption frequencies of pan-fried foods, egg, laver and strawbery compared to the normal group. Therefore, our results suggest that obese young children, as well as their parents, need more nutritional counseling education about dietary habits, food preference, recognition of normal weight and strategies for actively coping with stresstopreventandtreatobesityandtomaintainhealth. .

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.243-256
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• 2022

Undergraduate freshmen are currently encountering numerous difficulties in adapting to college life due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, several studies have underlined the need to develop interventions focused on undergraduate students' resilience during this situation. We adopted the service design method in identifying the difficulties faced by undergraduate freshmen during this pandemic, and also developed interventions for raising their resilience. The service design method is a person-centered approach which adopts the user's viewpoint in developing solutions, thereby enabling their requirements to be satisfied. Surveys and in-depth interviews revealed that undergraduate freshmen were experiencing psycho-emotional problems which were derived from schoolwork and college life. This is particularly the case with students who are experiencing greater levels of academic difficulty, and were insufficiently equipped with resources such as stress-coping strategies and social support. Four undergraduate freshmen were recruited online to test the effectiveness of a resource promotion program aimed at enhancing their resilience. This program has proved to be helpful in relieving daily/academic stress and in building relationships among freshmen, regarding which the participants showed a high level of satisfaction. The results were discussed by focusing on psycho-emotional difficulties and resources of college freshmen, as well as the effectiveness of the resource promotion program. Further research is required in order to verify the efficiency of the program and to confirm conclusions.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.667-675
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• 2014

It is important to know science terminology when learning science. In terms of linguistic and psychological perspectives, the context of encountering a terminology for the first time is critical. If a student has not learned the terminology properly the first time, it might cause misconceptions or be a barrier in following learning. This study aims to identify how careful science terminology are used in science textbooks, and the relationship of using science terminology between science curriculum and middle school science textbooks in the 2009 National Curriculum. In addition, the educational need, the importance of science learning, proper time for teaching, & difficulty of the terminologies have been surveyed among teachers and students. As results of study show, only 25% of terminologies in science textbooks have appeared in the curriculum, and about 10% have been used in middle school science textbooks prior to science curriculum. The survey results suggested that many of those terminologies could cause problems in teaching and learning situation. The solution for them have been divided into the following: avoiding usage in textbook prior to curriculum, using earlier in textbooks, using earlier in curriculum, and reflecting curriculum precisely in the textbook. In general, the curriculum needs to state performing objectives concretely. And it is needed to examine science terminology advertently when writing textbooks.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.17
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• pp.93-112
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• 2004

This article examines the process of how Daesoon thought keeps its own identity while being practiced as a religion in Korean culture through the perspective of theological hermeneutics of E. Schillebeeckx, a representative theologian in 20th century, especially on the centering of the matter of experience. Schillebeeckx says that an experience is an occurrence of perception by encountering something different from oneself. According to him, 1) the occurrence of perception is premised on a framework or form of interpretation which prescribes experience as the experience in the perceptive dimension. 2) A framework of interpretation is subject to pre-existing system or structure which already has formed a basis to the experience. It consists of various interpretative elements such as social form, general knowledges, various experiences, theoretical models in their society, etc.. 3) The experiences take place in the reflection of contemporary situation, and it is understood by a society, thus making it a social stream. This experience is expressed historically, gains historicity in the process of being handed down from person to person, from generation to generation. In this way, an experience starts to form a tradition. 4) The tradition is a historical stream which gives rise to, admits, and integrates various experiences, religious revelation, and faith etc. In this way, the tradition as a historical stream becomes a field of religious actuality such as revelation, salvation, etc. Conclusively, a religion takes place, is formed, only when it is understood anew by the people who live in that cultural tradition through their languages. The ground Daesoon thought takes place, is formed, is in this way. Daesoon thought takes place in the core of traditional Korean culture, undergoes changes when it encounters the other stream of traditional Korean culture, and the vice versa. Because of this inevitable change, ironically enough, Daesoon thought can maintain its own identity as Daesoon thought, and Korean culture its own identity as Korean culture, avoiding falling into the tertiary which is neither Daesoon thought nor Korean culture. It is in this way that any religion can be in the faithfulness to its starting point to be enriched and transformed in its interaction with the other tradition. At here is the reason Daesoon thought has to have an openness to the changing world.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.116-118
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• 2023

In recent years, the need for economical and sustainable ship routing has emerged due to the enforced regulations on environmental issues. Despite the development of weather forecasting technology, maritime accidents by rough waves have continued to occur due to incorrect weather forecasts. In this study, onboard measurements are conducted to observe the acutal situation on merchant ships in operation encountering rough waves. The types of measured data include information related to navigation (Ship's position, speed, bearing, rudder angle) and engine (engine revolutions, power, shaft thrust, fuel consumption), weather conditions (wind, waves), and ship motions (roll, pitch, and yaw). These ship experiments was conducted to 28,000 DWT bulk carrier, 63,000 DWT bulk carrier, 20,000 TEU container ship, and 12,000 TEU container ship. The actual ship experiment of each ship is intended to acquire various types of data and utilize them for multi-objective studies related to ship operation. Additionally, in order to confirm the sea conditions, the directional wave spectrum was reproduced using a wave simulation model. Through data collection from ship experiments and wave simulations, various studies could be proceeding such as the measurement for accurate wave information by marine radar and analysis for cargo collapse accidents. In addition, it is expected to be utilized in various themes from the perspective of safety and efficiency in ship operation.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.291-314
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• 2018

In recent 3 years, Korea's low-cost airlines have expanded their areas of passenger transportation not only to domestic market but also to Japan, China, Southeast Asia and US territory as a total of 6 companies (8 airlines including small air operation business carriers). Currently, three more airlines have filed for air transportation business certification as future low-cost carriers, and this expansion is expected to continue. To cope with the aggressive airline operations of domestic and foreign low-cost carriers and to enhance their competitiveness, each low-cost airline is taking a number of strategies for promoting cabin service. Therefore, the workload of the cabin crew is increased in proportion to the expansion, and the fatigue directly connected with the safety task performance is increased. It is stipulated in the Enforcement Regulations of the Korea Aviation Safety Act that at minimum, one cabin crew is required per 50 passenger seating capacity, and all low cost carriers are boarding only the minimum cabin crew. Sometimes it is impossible for them to sit in a floor level emergency exit for evacuation, which is the main task of the cabin crew, and this can cause confusion among evacuating passengers in the event of an emergency. In addition, if one of the minimum cabin crew becomes incapacitated due to an injury or the like, it will become a serious impediment in performing emergency evacuation duties. Even in the normal situation, since it will be violating the Act prescription on the minimum cabin crew complement, passengers will have to move to another available airline flights, encountering extreme inconvenience. Annex 6 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation specifies international standards for the determination of the minimum number of cabin crew shall be based only on the number of passenger seats or passengers on board for safe and expeditious emergency evacuation. Thereby in order to enhance the safety of the passengers and the crew on board, it is necessary to consider the cabin crew's fatigue that may occur in the various job characteristics (service, safety, security, first aid)and floor level emergency exit seating in calculating the minimum number of cabin crew. And it is also deemed necessary for the government's regulatory body to enhance the cabin safety for passengers and crew when determining the number of minimum cabin crew by reflecting the cabin crew's workload leading to their fatigue and unavailability to be seated in a floor level emergency exit on low cost carriers.