• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.123-137
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• 2001

6개의 건조두개골상의 중요한 방사선학적 계측점에 금속구를 위치시킨 후 3-D CT와 정모 및 측모 두부 방사선사진을 촬영하고 이를 바탕으로 만든 각각의 3차원 영상과 3차원 두부 방사선사진상의 각 계측점들이 3차원적으로 어느 정도의 정확성을 가지고 재현되는지를 알아보았다. 그리고 두 방법에 있어서의 계측점간의 거리계측을 실계측과 비교분석 함으로써 악안면부에서의 재현성과 정확성을 알아본 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 3-D CT와 3차원 두부 방사선사진상의 계측점들은 반복 계측시 각각 X축 방향으로 0.23 mm와 0.30 mm, Y축 방향으로 0.27 mm와 0.25 mm, 그리고 Z축 방향으로 0.27 mm와 0.31 mm의 표준편차를 보였다. 두 방법에서 모든 계측점이 0.5 mm 이하의 표준편차를 보였으며, 대부분의 계측점이 1 mm 이하의 범위를 보인 바, 두 방법 모두 통일한 건조두개골상의 계측점의 3차원적 위치 편차가 거의 없었다. 모든 계측항목에서 실측치와 3-D CT간의 차이는 평균 0.33 mm였으며, 실측치와 3차원 두부 방사선사진간의 차이는 평균 1.13 mm로 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 가장 큰 차이를 보인 항목은 RGo과 LGo간으로 2.03 mm의 차이를 보였다. 그러나 두 방법 모두 모든 항목에서 실측치와 통계적으로 매우 높은 상관관계를 보였다(${\gamma}=0.976{\sim}1.000$, p<0.01).

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.35-41
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• 1989

In this paper a new method is proposed to create 3-dimensional coordinate values from two 2- dimensional images (side and front image of objects) using image processing system and two video cameras. This method is task requiring measurements of camera lense distortion, calibrations and conversin 2-dimensional images into 3-dimensional images. This system provides 3-dimensional me- asurement error of +5mm for about 2m length objects.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to show the method of three-dimensional morphometry developed recently and to compare the accuracy of three-dimensional morphometry with those of PA cephalometry, The three-dimensional morphometry analysis program and device were developed. Steel balls (1.2mm in diameter) were attached in twenty five landmarks of artificial human skull. This artificial human skull was used as experimental materials. From three-dimensional morphometry and PA cephalometry of artificial human skull. eleven linear measurements were acquired and made into asymmetry index. Right-left differences of measurements were used as asymmetry index. These measurements and asymmetry index were compared respectively with those of actual. The results were as follows: 1. Mean difference between three-dimensional morphometry and actual artificial human skull in linear measurements was $1.99{\pm}0.37mm$, and mean difference between PA cephalometry and actual was $21.12{\pm}0.45mm$. Both of all were reduced more than those of actual. 2. Mean difference between three-dimensional morphometry and actual artificial human skull in asymmetry index was $0.07{\pm}0.42$, and mean difference between PA cephalometry and actual was $3.63{\pm}0.60$. Three-dimensional morphometry was reduced while PA cephalometry was magnified more than that of actual. 3. Each eleven asymmetry index of three-dimensional morphometry was the same negative sign as those of actuals while only N-Z, ANS-J, Tr-Go, Tr-ANS asymmetry index were the same in PA cephalometry. These results suggest that the method of three-dimensional morphometry is more accurate than those of PA cephalometry in asymmetry analysis.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.1-28
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• 2021

We study a continuous data assimilation algorithm for the three-dimensional simplified Bardina model utilizing measurements of only two components of the velocity field. Under suitable conditions on the relaxation (nudging) parameter and the spatial mesh resolution, we obtain an asymptotic in time estimate of the difference between the approximating solution and the unknown reference solution corresponding to the measurements, in an appropriate norm, which shows exponential convergence up to zero.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2004

Purpose : This study was to evaluate the influence of slice thickness of computed tomography (CT) and rapid protyping (RP) type on the accuracy of 3-dimensional medical model. Materials and Methods: Transaxial CT data of human dry skull were taken from multi-detector spiral CT. Slice thickness were 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm respectively. Three-dimensional image model reconstruction using 3-D visualization medical software (V-works /sup TM/ 3.0) and RP model fabrications were followed. 2-RP models were 3D printing (Z402, Z Corp., Burlington, USA) and Stereolithographic Apparatus model. Linear measurements of anatomical landmarks on dry skull, 3-D image model, and 2-RP models were done and compared according to slice thickness and RP model type. Results: There were relative error percentage in absolute value of 0.97, 1.98,3.83 between linear measurements of dry skull and image models of 1, 2, 3 mm slice thickness respectively. There was relative error percentage in absolute value of 0.79 between linear measurements of dry skull and SLA model. There was relative error difference in absolute value of 2.52 between linear measurements of dry skull and 3D printing model. Conclusion: These results indicated that 3-dimensional image model of thin slice thickness and stereolithographic RP model showed relative high accuracy.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.129-140
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• 1997

본 연구는 교정 임상에서 흔히 촬영되는 측모와 정모 두부방사선규격사진을 사용하여 3차원적인 두개안면 형태를 재현하였을 때 그 방법의 정확성을 고찰해 보고, 기존의 측모 두부방사선규격사진과 비교하여 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 두개안면 골격모형의 3차원 두부방사선규격사진을 형성하고, 선 계측과 각도 계측을 시행하였다. 여기서 얻어진 계측치들을 실제 계측치 및 측모 두부방사선규격사진에서의 계측치와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 3차원 두부방사선규격사진의 선 계측 평균 오차는 $0.94{\pm}0.62mm$, 평균 확대율 $100.31{\pm}0.91%$ 이었으며 실제 계측치와 차이를 보이지 않았다(${\alpha}=0.1$). 2. 측모 두부방사선규격사진은 선 계측에서 평균 오차 $6.44{\pm}1.48mm$, 평균 확대율 $106.99{\pm}1.45%$로서 하악체를 제외한 모든 선 계측에서 확대를 보였다(P<0.005). 3. 3차원 두부방사선규격사진에서의 각도 계측은 평균 오차 $1.22{\pm}0.82^{\circ}$, 평균 확대율 $105.72{\pm}12.07%$ 로서 실제 계측치와 차이를 보이지 않았다(${\alpha}=0.1$). 4. 측모 두부방사선규격사진은 평균 오차 $1.70{\pm}0.94^{\circ}$, 평균 확대율 $106.35{\pm}15.70%$으로 실제 계측치와 차이를 보이지 않았다 (${\alpha}=0.1$).

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2020

Background: This study was performed to compare glenoid version and inclination measured using two-dimensional (2D) images from computed tomography (CT) scans or three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed bone models. Methods: Thirty patients who had undergone conventional CT scans were included. Two orthopedic surgeons measured glenoid version and inclination three times on 2D images from CT scans (2D measurement), and two other orthopedic surgeons performed the same measurements using 3D reconstructed bone models (3D measurement). The 3D-reconstructed bone models were acquired and measured with Mimics and 3-Matics (Materialise). Results: Mean glenoid version and inclination in 2D measurements were -1.705° and 9.08°, respectively, while those in 3D measurements were 2.635° and 7.23°. The intra-observer reliability in 2D measurements was 0.605 and 0.698, respectively, while that in 3D measurements was 0.883 and 0.892. The inter-observer reliability in 2D measurements was 0.456 and 0.374, respectively, while that in 3D measurements was 0.853 and 0.845. Conclusions: The difference between 2D and 3D measurements is not due to differences in image data but to the use of different tools. However, more consistent results were obtained in 3D measurement. Therefore, 3D measurement can be a good alternative for measuring glenoid version and inclination.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2012

Purpose : This study was performed to determine the accuracy of linear measurements on three-dimensional (3D) images using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods : MDCT and CBCT were performed using 24 dry skulls. Twenty-one measurements were taken on the dry skulls using digital caliper. Both types of CT data were imported into OnDemand software and identification of landmarks on the 3D surface rendering images and calculation of linear measurements were performed. Reproducibility of the measurements was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA and ICC, and the measurements were statistically compared using a Student t-test. Results : All assessments under the direct measurement and image-based measurements on the 3D CT surface rendering images using MDCT and CBCT showed no statistically difference under the ICC examination. The measurements showed no differences between the direct measurements of dry skull and the image-based measurements on the 3D CT surface rendering images (P>.05). Conclusion : Three-dimensional reconstructed surface rendering images using MDCT and CBCT would be appropriate for 3D measurements.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.407-412
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of virtual 3-dimensional (3D) cephalograms constructed using the principle of biplanar radiography by comparing them with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: Thirty orthodontic patients were enrolled in this study. Frontal and lateral cephalograms were obtained with the use of a head posture aligner and reconstructed into 3D cephalograms using biplanar radiography software. Thirty-four measurements representing the height, width, depth, and oblique distance were computed in 3 dimensions, and compared with the measurements from the 3D images obtained by CBCT, using the paired t-test and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Comparison of height, width, depth, and oblique measurements showed no statistically significant differences between the measurements obtained from 3D cephalograms and those from CBCT images (P>0.05). Bland-Altman plots also showed high agreement between the 3D cephalograms and CBCT images. Conclusion: Accurate 3D cephalograms can be constructed using the principle of biplanar radiography if frontal and lateral cephalograms can be obtained with a head posture aligner. Three-dimensional cephalograms generated using biplanar radiography can replace CBCT images taken for diagnostic purposes.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2004년도 제29회 KOSCI SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.91-96
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• 2004

Simultaneous CH and OH planar laser induced fluorescence(PLIF) and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements have been developed to investigate the local flame structure of turbulent premixed flames. The developed simultaneous two radical concentrations and three component velocity measurements on a two-dimensional plane was applied for relatively high Reynolds number turbulent premixed flames in a swirl stabilized combustor. All measurements were conducted for methane-air premixed flames in the corrugated flamelets regime. Strong three-dimensional fluctuation implies that misunderstanding of the flame/turbulent interactions would be caused by the analysis of two-component velocity distribution in a cross section. Furthermore, comparisons of CH-OH PLIF and three-component velocity field show that the burned gases not always have high-speed velocity in relatively high Reynolds number turbulent premixed flame. The Reynolds number dependence of the flame front was clearly captured by the simultaneous CH-OH PLIF and stereoscopic PIV measurements.