• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3 s.116
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• pp.41-58
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• 2006

Rural areas dominates the country landscapes in size with less population and rich traditional heritages as well as natural landscapes. Rural community groves (RCG) and Dangsan groves have been established by community residents during a few hundred years, and most of them have been disturbed. Only a few RCGs and Dangsan groves remain for an extensive period with efforts from community residents. These remnant RCGs and Dangsan groves are highly evaluated representing Korean rural cultural landscapes. Sound understanding on the structure of the rural landscapes and their role on the rural community environment is required to provide an appropriate policy for managing rural landscapes. This study aims to understand the characteristics of RCGs and Dangsan groves in the cultural landscapes, to investigate policies and issues of the advanced countries on RCGs and Dangsan groves, and to overview domestic policies for rural landscapes. The study results showed that there is a close relationship between RCGs and main issues discussed in EU countries. Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry of Korea, Ministry of Environment and Rural Development Administration have to focus on the potential of RCGs and Dangsan groves for multi-functions of agricultural and rural areas, natural streams, rural amenity, direct subsidy for landscape preservation and rural tourism. Based on the findings, this study suggests that RCGs and Dangsan groves will provide benefits to develop rural-mountain-sea villages and to enhance country's landscapes as well as local landscapes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 2012

Traditional village forests called Dangsan forests and Bibo forests in Korea represent an unique cultural landscape with a history of more than several hundred years. Feng-shui forest in China, Satoyama and Shinto shrine forest in Japan are recognized internationally as 'traditional ecological landscapes'. Dangsan forests and Bibo forests have been preserved through generations in the villages, and are no less valuable than Feng-shui forest, and Satoyama. However, the names of Dangsan forest and Bibo forest have not been well recognized worldwide. Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri, Wando-gun is located on a mountain slope at a riparian forest. It consists of an evergreen broadleaf forest and Carpinus laxiflora forest. The characteristics of Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri could be found at 10 sacrifice offering places. Two Dangsan trees on the coastal area are included in the sacrifice offering places. Cultural heritage can retain their value when they are fully sustained. Additional construction, demolition or modification should be banned. Furthermore, all means must be taken to facilitate the preservation of monuments and the value and meanings pertaining to them should not be distorted. In a respect of authenticity, Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri, Wando-gun seems to have original Dangsan culture based on animism with a philosophic background, where a religious service for the mountain god is held at rock of mountain god, and Dangsan ritual is held at shrine on January 8 at 4:00 am by lunar calendar. Relating to the conservation and management of cultural heritage in international discussion, the importance is that whether there is sustainability on the right to the enjoyment of cultural heritage. Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri is leaved alone to the public. The forest need a social mechanism to support the recovery of deformed shrine and to heighten public awareness of Dangsan forest in order to claim the value as a unique traditional ecological landscape in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.13-24
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• 2010

Beopseongpo has been one of the most thriving ports of the Jeolla region since the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392). During the time of King Seongjong (r. 1469-1494) of Choseon Dynasty, a navy garrison had been deployed and the port was named Beopseongjin, as recorded in the 1485 edition of Grand code for state administration (Gyeongguk daejeon). Dangsan forests and Bibo forests have been maintained by local residents since hundreds of years ago. Dangsan forests have been applied to the scale of government and public offices. The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of the "Wooded Fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" as "Scenic Site No. 22", and to investigate the conservational problem of the wooded fortress of Beopseongjin and seashore. The "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" consists of a Dangsan forest and two Bibo forests. But, the presence of the Dangsan forest has not been well known to the public. Although the wooded fortress has been somewhat disturbed by cultural activities, the Dangsan rituals have been held until the present every January 15 by lunar calendar. On the other hand, the seashore in front of Beopseongpo plays an important role as a scenic view. It was one of the reason that the "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang" had been designated as a national cultural property of "Scenic Sites". However, the sandbar was reclaimed in 2009 to build commercial buildings. An integrated plan should be prepared to conserve the landscape of "Wooded fortress of Beopseongjin in Yeonggwang", which requires close partnership among local residents, experts, and local government. At present, four new buildings have been built. Although we have lost the sandbar, it is indispensable to secure the visibility of Wooded Fortress of Beopseongjin at the entrance of the village.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.31-55
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• 2005

Dangsan forests and Rural Community Forests(RCF) have been historical assets for the rural communities of more than 40,000 in Korea and they have provided an identity through the cultural heritage. The Dangsan forests and the RCF are parts of a unique cultural landscape in the rural areas as components of stream landscape. In many cases, the Dangsan forests and the RCF are located close to stream corridors. The objective of this study was to understand the function of the Dangsan forests and the RCF on stream water quality and to evaluate its ecological landscape values. Through the consideration of international concensus and domestic government policy for close-to-nature stream, we could find out that Dangsan forests and RCF's have close relationship with the close-to-nature streams. The water quality of the streams close to the Dangsan forests and the RCF are maintained with local culture. It is also compared to the streams located where Dangsan forests and the RCF are absent. Eight study sites were selected. Water samples were collected at three different locations at each study site. Water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, total P, total N, dissolved oxygen, EC, BOD, COD and SS. Aquatic invertebrates were observed as water quality indicator species. The results showed that the number of aquatic invertebrate species, GPI, DO, EC, BOD, and SS were significantly improved in stream water due to the presence of the Dangsan forests and the RCF. The role of Dangsan forests and the RCF was evident in the conservation of stream landscape and rural culture as well as in maintaining stream water quality. The management schemes of the streams with Dangsan forests and the RCF's are also suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.83-97
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• 2013

The traditional village forests in Korea such as Dangsan forests and Bibo forests form unique cultural landscape and they are national cultural assets with histories of more than several hundred years. It is important to have sustainable right to enjoy cultural heritage as well as maintaining its authenticity. Cultural assets are meaningful only when they are managed to succeed to next generations. Dangsan forests and Bibo forests need to be named properly and recognized by society as a precious cultural heritage for many generations to come in order to claim the value as traditional cultural landscapes in Korea. The traditional village forest in Dangin-ri, Wando-gun was composed of a Dangsan forest and five Bibo forests. Although this traditional village forest is large in size, it was not on the report of Cultural Heritage Administration(2005) investigated for 'Village forest of island region in Jeollanam-do'. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the traditional village forest in Dangin-ri to grant correct name and to enhance its value. In this study the characteristics of a Dangsan forest and five Bibo forests were investigated from 2006 to 2013 for physical features such as size, shape, location, tree species composition, and diameter at breast height(DBH), as well as cultural aspects and tradition. Currently the naming and designation of natural monuments by the cultural heritage administration(CHA) is based on the rule enacted in 1934. Many Dangsan forests were named as evergreen forests. This type of names does not represent the meaning of traditional village forest. It was suggested that this traditional village forest is to be named as 'Dangsan Forest and Bibo Forests at Dangin-ri, Wando-gun'. This traditional village forest needs to reclaim authenticity and rebuild its original appearance by restoration of the disturbed areas, especially in Bibo forest I.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.85-93
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• 2014

Although the Chungmak village, Gyeokpo-ri, Buan-gun is a small seashore village, it's an important place that has the largest ancient maritime ritual sites in Korea. This 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site'(5~6 century, Baekje of the Three-kingdom period) was located in the Dangsan forest of Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii) Colony, and that has a significant meaning concerned with Dangsan forest's origin. Chungmak village located in the Scenic Site # 13 named 'Chaeseokgang and Jeokbyeokgang coastal cliff in Buan', and have retained the Jeollabuk-do Tangible Cultural Property # 58 named 'Suseongdang', the Natural Monument # 123 named 'Machilus community in Gyeokpo-ri, Buan'. The 'Suseongdang Gaeyang Grandmother Dangsinje (Village Ritual)' which is Dangsan ritual has been held every year by village residents. The practical management of Suseongdang and Machilus community has been conducted by village residents. In this study, the landscape characteristics of the Dangsan forest were investigated including neighborhood elements such as Bibo forest, seashores, and farm fields. The conservation of cultural landscape was thought to be achieved by designating 'Protected Area of Sacred Natural Sites'. The Dangsan forest ought to be recognized for their valuable landscape characteristics. It should be managed as a protected area and a sacred natural sites in order to be registered as a World Cultural Heritage.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2015

UNESCO and IUCN established the term of 'Sacred Natural Sites' (areas of land or water having special spiritual significance to peoples and communities) for conservation of biological and cultural diversity. Dangsan forest, a traditional village forests of rural Korea is a representative 'Sacred Natural Site' with a history of more than several hundred years of Dangsan ritual. The Chungmak village, Gyeokpo-ri, Buan-gun is a small seashore village. It is an important place that has the largest ancient maritime ritual sites in Korea. Buan-gun have been tried to register the 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site' for the World Heritage List. However, the fact that this 'Chungmak-dong Ritual Site'(5~6 century, Baekje of the Three-kingdom period) was located in the Dangsan forest, surrounding the shrine, is not much understood. In this study, the landscape characteristics and culture of the sacred Dangsan forest at Gyeokpo-ri, including Gyeokpo-ri, Dae-ri, Naesosa temple Seokpo-ri, Buan-gun and Dongho-ri, Gochang-gun were investigated. And, the potential of registering for World Heritage, 'Protected Area of Sacred Natural Sites' by linking the four site's Dangsan forests has been investigated. The sacred Dangsan forests in the neighborhood of Gyeokpo-ri have kept their landscape characteristics and retained Dangsan ritual. As a result of SWOT analysis for sacred natural sites, WT(weakness-threat) strategy has chosen as priority strategy. The reason is that there is few management scheme. The Dangsan forests at the neighborhood of Gyeokpo-ri need to be recognized by people in Korea, for their valuable landscape characteristics. The places should be managed and protected to remain as a sacred natural sites in order to be prepared for a World Heritage.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.138-161
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• 2011

The 'Jwasuyeongseongji' (Site of naval wall-fortress in Suyeong) in Busan is the subject of this study. It has been desturbed mostly, and is named 'Suyeong historic site'. One of the important aspects of 'Jwasuyeongseongji' is that it was a historic place confronting with the Japanese Invasion of Chosun in 1592. This was the place where the Japanese Invasion of Chosun broke out and a number of people were slaughtered by the Japanese invaders. Now the place is converted to a playground. Although 'Jwasuyeongseongji' is the place of historic interest, the forest area is separated by paths and sidewalks. Further, there are sports facilities and relaxing people. Examples of advanced countries show that the abuse like Jwaisuyeongseongji is thoroughly prohibited. Although the Dangsan forest of jwasuyeongseongji remains in the megalopolis of Busan, it has been damaged and abused in spite of being a historic site. Nevertheless, Jwasuyeongseongji is an invaluable traditional cultural heritage. The objective of this study was to search for solutions of authenticity restoration for the remains of Dangsan forest at Jwasuyeongseongji in Busan. The Dangsan forest at Jwasuyeongseongji is a forest of Pinus thunbergii in an area of $130{\times}230m$. Jwasuyeongseongji is currently named Suyeong historic park, and is registered as monuments No. 8 by Suyeong-gu, Busan. The two Dangsan trees at Jwasuyeongseongji are registered as natural monuments No. 270 and No. 311. The complex management system needs to be designated as 'Dangsan forest of Jwasuyeongseongji in Busan', and managed as a natural monument or national historic site. Dangsan forest has a meaning of divine place. Therefore, the artificial facilities need to be removed from Dangsan forest so that the original features are restored with the spirit of Jwasuyeongseongji. Also, the administration needs to be transfered from Suyeong-gu, Busan to the Cultural Heritage Administration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.52-60
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• 2011

The traditional village forests called Dangsan forest and Bibo forest in Korea represent unique cultural landscape with a history of more than several hundred years. The Natural Monument # 405 named 'Roadside forest in Sachon-ri, Uiseong' was established by the ancestors who settled in the village about six hundred years ago. The Dangsan ritual had been held in the forest and the ritual started to be held at a shrine since early 1700's. Although the place where Dangsan ritual was held has been transferred from forest to outside forest, the status of Dangsan forest was not changed. The forest has not been known as a Dangsan forest. Instead, it has been known as a Bibo forest with a name meaning roadside forest. It is our duty to hand historic monuments on in full richness of their authenticity. No new construction, demolition or modification which would alter the mass and colour must be allowed. Furthermore, every means must be taken to facilitate the preservation of the monument and to reveal it without distorting its meaning. The 'Roadside forest in Sachon-ri, Uiseong' is a deciduous forest composed of Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, and Sophora japonica, with a size of $920{\times}90m$ at the side of a stream. An old Sophora japonica tree known as a scholar tree indicates that this forest is related to confucianism. The name 'Roadside forest in Sachon-ri, Uiseong' does not seem to be correct. In fact, the traditional village forest in Sachon-ri was a riparian buffer. The 'Roadside forest in Sachon-ri, Uiseong' need to be changed to 'Dangsan forest in Sachon-ri, Uiseong'. With a correction on name and authenticity restored, the value of cultural heritage in Sachon-ri would be recognized effectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.155-157
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• 2009