• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.93-99
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• 2008

Portable devices generally have limited energy sources, so there is a need to minimize the power consumption of processor using energy conservation methods. One of the most common energy conservation methods is dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). In this paper, we propose a new DVS algorithm which uses workload of application to determine frequency and voltage of processors. The posed DVS algorithm consists of DVS module in kernel and specified function in application. The DVS module monitors the processor utilization and changes frequency and voltage periodically. The other part monitors workload of application. With these two procedures, the processor can change the performance level to meet their deadline while consuming less energy. We implemented the proposed DVS algorithm on PXA270 processor with Linux 2.6 kernel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.189-192
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• 2006

본 논문은 그래픽 가속기를 포함한 모바일 시스템에서 멀티미디어 응용을 위한 통합전력관리 기법을 제안한다. 가속기가 포함된 시스템이 멀티미디어 프로세스를 실행할 때 QoS를 유지하면서 에너지 절약을 하기 위해서는 가속기의 특징을 고려한 DVS 알고리즘이 필요하다. 그러나 기존 DVS 알고리즘은 CPU 위주로 연구된 알고리즘이여서 가속기가 포함된 시스템에 적용하는 것은 문제가 있기 때문에 CPU와 가속기의 특징을 고려한 통합전력관리 DVS 방법이 필요하다. 제안된 DVS 스케줄링은 리눅스 운영체제 상에 구현하였으며 Intel 2700G 그래픽 가속기가 포함된 Xscale 장치에서 실험을 하였다. 따라서 제안된 DVS 기법이 범용적인 프로세스의 QoS를 보장하면서 에너지 소비를 CPU위주로 연구된 알고리즘보다 평균 12.5% 줄일 수 있음을 밝혔다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.866-874
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• 2006

This paper proposes a new Dynamic Voltage Scaling(DVS) algorithm to achieve low-power scheduling of aperiodic hard real-time tasks. Aperiodic tasks schedulingcannot be applied to the conventional DVS algorithm and result in consuming energy more than periodic tasks because they have no period, non predictable worst case execution time, and release time. In this paper, we defined Virtual Periodic Task Set(VTS) which has constant period and worst case execution time, and released aperiodic tasks are assigned to this VTS. The period and worst case execution time of the virtual task can be obtained by calculating task utilization rate of both periodic and aperiodic tasks. The proposed DVS algorithm scales the frequency of both periodic and aperiodic tasks in VTS. Simulation results show that the energy consumption of the proposed algorithm is reduced by 11% over the conventional DVS algorithm for only periodic task.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.736-748
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• 2003

Dynamic voltage scaling(DVS), which adjusts the clock speed and supply voltage dynamically, is an effective technique in reducing the energy consumption of embedded real-time systems. The energy efficiency of a DVS algorithm largely depends on the performance of the slack estimation method used in it. In this paper, we propose novel DVS algorithms for periodic hard real-time tasks based on an improved slack estimation algorithm. Unlike the existing techniques, the proposed method can be applied to most priority-driven scheduling policies. Especially, we apply the proposed slack estimation method to EDF and RM scheduling policies. The experimental results show that the DVS algorithms using the proposed slack estimation method reduce the energy consumption by 20∼40 % over the existing DVS algorithms.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2007

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is a well-known and effective power management technique. While there has been research on slack distribution, voltage allocation and other aspects of DVS, its effects on non-voltage-scalable devices has hardly been considered. A DC-DC converter plays an important role in voltage generation and regulation in most embedded systems, and is an essential component in DVS-enabled systems that scale supply voltage dynamically. We introduce a power consumption model of DC-DC converters and analyze the energy consumption of the system including the DC-DC converter. We propose an energy-optimal off-line DVS scheduling algorithm for systems with DC-DC converters, and show experimentally that our algorithm outperforms existing DVS algorithms in terms of energy consumption.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.35-40
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• 2001

동적 전압 조정(DVS)은 모바일 환경에서 프로세서에서의 전력 소모를 줄일 수 있는 가장 효율적인 방법으로 많은 연구가 진행중이다 또한 MPEG 디코딩은 모바일 기기에서 가장 중요하고 또한 전력 소모가 큰 어플리케이션 중 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 모바일 환경에 적합한 MPEG 디코더를 DVS를 이용하여 구현하였고 전력 소모를 측정하였다. 제안된 첫번째 DVS 알고리즘은 이전의 workload에 의해 다음 workload를 예측하여 전압을 조정하는 것이고, 두번째 알고리즘은 MPEG 프레임의 종류 및 크기를 이용하여 다음 프레임의 디코딩 시간을 예측 한 후 전압을 조절하는 것이다. 실험을 통하여 두번째 알고리즘에 의한 MPEG 디코더가 더 정확한 workload 예측을 통하여 QoS의 저하를 최소화하면서 전력 소모를 더 많이 줄일 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.42 no.4 s.304
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• pp.167-176
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• 2005

This paper proposes a new power minimization technique for the frame-based multimedia signal processing. The derivation of the technique is based on the newly proposed microscopic DVS(Dynamic Voltage Scaling) method, where, the operating frequency and the supply voltage levels are dynamically controlled according to the processing requirement for each frame of multimedia data. The multimedia signal processing algorithms are also redesigned and optimized to maximize the power saving efficiency of the microscopic DVS technology. The characterization of the mean/variance distribution of the processing load in the frame-based multimedia signal processing provides the major basis not only for the optimized application of the microscopic DVS technology but also for the optimization of the multimedia algorithms. The power saying efficiency of the proposed DVS approach is experimentally tested with the algorithms of MPEG-2 video decoder and MPEG-2 AAC audio encoder on the ARM9 RISC processor. The experimental results with the diverse MPEG-2 video and audio files show The average power saving efficiencies of 50$\%$ and 30$\%$, respectively. The results also agree very well with those of the analytic derivations.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.2B
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• pp.163-171
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• 2009

Classical linear models have been generally used to analyze and forecast hydrologic time series. However, there is growing evidence of nonlinear structure in natural phenomena and hydrologic time series associated with their patterns and fluctuations. Therefore, the classical linear techniques for time series analysis and forecasting may not be appropriate for nonlinear processes. In recent, the BDS (Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman) statistic instead of conventional techniques has been used for detecting nonlinearity of time series. The BDS statistic was derived from the statistical properties of the correlation integral which is used to analyze chaotic system and has been effectively used for distinguishing nonlinear structure in dynamic system from random structures. DVS (Deterministic Versus Stochastic) algorithm has been used for detecting chaos and stochastic systems and for forecasting of chaotic system. This study showed the DVS algorithm can be also used for detecting nonlinearity of the time series. In this study, the stochastic and hydrologic time series are analyzed to detect their nonlinearity. The linear and nonlinear stochastic time series generated from ARMA and TAR (Threshold Auto Regressive) models, a daily streamflow at St. Johns river near Cocoa, Florida, USA and Great Salt Lake Volume (GSL) data, Utah, USA are analyzed, daily inflow series of Soyang dam and the results are compared. The results showed the BDS statistic is a powerful tool for distinguishing between linearity and nonlinearity of the time series and DVS plot can be also effectively used for distinguishing the nonlinearity of the time series.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 2005

This paper proposes a DVS method which effectively reduces the power consumption of multimedia signal processor. Analytic derivations of effective range of its power saving factor are obtained with the assumption of a Gaussian distribution for the frame-based computational burden of the multimedia processor. A closed form equation of the power saving factor is derived in terms of the mean-standard deviation of the distribution. An MPEG-2 video decoder algorithm and AAC encoder algorithm are tested on ARM9 RISC processor for the experimental verification of the power saying of the proposed DVS approach. The experimental results with diverse MPEG-2 video and audio files show 50～30% power saving factor and show good agreement with those of the analytically derived values.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.313-315
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 동적 전압변경(DVS)을 적용하기 위해 운영체제의 커널상에서의 프로세스 모니터링기법을 제안한다. 이상적인 DVS 알고리즘은 응용프로그램의 수정 없이 자동으로 수행되어야 하며 프로세스의 QoS를 고려해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 이를 위해 커널상에서 프로세스의 프로세서 수행상태와 QoS와 밀접한 관련이 있는 주기정보를 확인할 수 있는 프로세스 모니터링기법을 제안한다. 또한 리눅스 운영체제상에서 실제 구현하고 실험을 통해 제안하는 모니터링기법이 정확하게 프로세스의 상태와 주기정보를 추출할 수 있음을 밝힌다.