• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1361-1367
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• 2007

I investigated the effect of KT5720, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection in BHK-21cell cultures. The virus inducted cytopathic effect (CPE) was almost completely suppressed by KT5720 at 5uM. The inhibitor, however, did not affect replication of the virus nor the synthesis of viral macromolecules. KT5720, did not block the cytoskeletal disruption, while the cell rounding was suppressed. And, the KT5720-sensitive function may be involved in developing the VSV-induced CPE, but not essential for the virus replications.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.207-210
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• 2014

Viral infections are capable of inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the infected cells and antioxidants have been reported to have antiviral activities against many viruses. In this study, an antiviral assay using the cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method revealed that gallic acid possesses good anti-coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) and coxsackievirus B4 (CB4) activities, reducing the formation of visible CPE. However, ribavirin did exhibit weak anti-CB3 and CB4 activities and was unable to prevent CPE. Therefore, we conclude that the inhibition of CB3 or CB4 production by gallic acid may be due to its general action as an antioxidant.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1293-1301
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• 2005

Flavonoids, a group of low molecular weight phenylbenzopyrones, have various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anticancer, bactericidal, and anti-inflammatory. We carried out anti-herpetic assays on 18 flavonoids in five classes and a virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibitory assay, plaque reduction assay, and yield reduction assay were performed. When flavonoids were applied at various concentrations to Vero cells infected by HSV-1 and 2, most of the f1avonoids showed inhibitory effects on virus-induced CPE. Among the flavonoids, EC, ECG (flavanols), genistein (isoflavone), naringenin (flavanone), and quercetin (flavonol) showed a high level of CPE inhibitory activity. The antiviral activity of flavonoids were also examined by a plaque reduction assay. EC, ECG, galangin, and kaempferol showed a strong antiviral activity, and catechin, EGC, EGCG, naringenin, chrysin, baicalin, fisetin, myricetin, quercetin, and genistein showed moderate inhibitory effects against HSV-1. In these experiments, flavanols and flavonols appeared to be more active than flavones. Furthermore, treatment of Vero cells with ECG and galangin (which previously showed strong antiviral activities) before virus adsorption led to a slight enhancement of inhibition as determined by a yield reduction assay, indicating that an intracellular effect may also be involved.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.44 no.4 s.140
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• pp.321-330
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• 2006

The pathogenic mechanism of granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and amebic keratitis (AK) by Acanthamoeba has yet to be clarified. Pretense has been recognized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of GAE and AK. In the present study, we have compared specific activity and cytopathic effects (CPE) of purified 33 kDa serine proteinases from Acanthamoeba strains with different degree of virulence (A. healyi OC-3A, A. lugdunensis KA/E2, and A. castelianii Neff). Trophozoites of the 3 strains revealed different degrees of CPE on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. The effect was remarkably reduced by adding phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), a serine proteinase inhibitor. This result indicated that PMSF-susceptible proteinase is the main component causing cytopathy to HCE cells by Acanthamoeba. The purified 33 kDa serine proteinase showed strong activity toward HCE cells and extracellular matrix proteins. The purified proteinase from OC-3A, the most virulent strain, demonstrated the highest enzyme activity compared to KA/E2, an ocular isolate, and Neff, a soil isolate. Polyclonal antibodies against the purified 33 kDa serine proteinase inhibit almost completely the proteolytic activity of culture supernatant of Acanthamoeba. In line with these results, the 33 kDa serine proteinase is suggested to play an important role in pathogenesis and to be the main component of virulence factor of Acanthamoeba.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.345-350
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• 1994

Fourteen melandrin derivatives(I-XIV) were investigated on analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities . Compound I [N-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid methvl ester], Xll [N-(2-phenoxypropionyl)-5-hydroxy anthranilic acid propyl ester and XIV [N-(2-phenoxypropionyl)-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid exhibited analgesic activity in tail pressure and Randall-Selitto method. But no anti-inflammatory activity was shown. Compound I exhibited weak antiviral activity on Herpes simplex virus type I F strain by virus-induced cytopathic effect(CPE) assay and it's selectivity index(Sl) was 8.17.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2002

The objective of the study was to clarify the mechanism of persistent infection of marine birnavirus (MABV) in various nonpermissive cell lines. It was observed in CHSE-214, RTG-2 and RSBK-2 that the virus produced at high yield with typical cytopathic effect (CPE). On the contrary, the CPE was not produced in EPC, FHM and BF-2 cells. However amount of virus protein in both permissive and nonpermissive cell lines detected by ELISA was almost the same. Electron microscopy showed virions in permissive cells but not in nonpermissive cells. From the results, it is clear that virus protein and RNA were produced in nonpermissive cells as observed in permissive cells; however, assembly of the virus particles did not occur in nonpermissive cells.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.291-297
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• 2000

Objective : In order to find antiviral compounds against Herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) and II(HSV-2) from herb medicines, a convenient virus-induced cytopathic effect(CPE) inhibition assay was introduced. Methods : Fourteen purchased herbal medicines, and their toxicity of infected cell and anti-viral activities were evaluated. Among them, the major part of herbal medicines showed cell stability compared with the contrast. Results : Cytotoxic concentration (CC) of the $H_2O$ extracts of Hyongbangpaedoksan against HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 181.12. This is high level cytotoxic concentration compared with the contrast. Therefore, we assumed that the high level cytotoxic concentration of herbal medicine play a major role in improvement of antiviral activity at the first infective cell. But antiviral effect was unable to figure out for selective index(Sl)=CC50/EC50. The other herbal medicines were unable to showed potent anti-HSV activity. Conclusions : The antiviral activation using herbs in this thesis have unlimited objects, to select research object will help to show the direction of antiviral drug development that have less side effect and more excellent efficiency.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2005

GLPG (Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan) was a bioactive fraction obtained by the liquid fermentation of the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, EtOH precipitation, and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. GLPG was a proteoglycan with a carbohydrate: protein ratio of 10.4: 1. Its antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were investigated using a cytopathic inhibition assay. GLPG inhibited cell death in a dose-dependent manner in HSV-infected cells. In addition, it had no cytotoxic effect even at 2 mg/ml. In order to study the mode of action of the antiviral activity of GLPG, cells were treated with GLPG before, during, and after infection, and viral titer in the supernatant of cell culture 48 h post-infection was determined using a $TCID_{50}$ assay. The antiviral effects of GLPG were more remarkable before viral treatment than after treatment. Although the precise mechanism has yet to be defined, our work suggests that GLPG inhibits viral replication by interfering with the early events of viral adsorption and entry into target cells. Thus, this proteoglycan appears to be a candidate anti-HSV agent.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1992

CHSE(Chinook Salmon Embryo)-214 fish cell lines was cultured in Eagle's minimal medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 2mM-glutamin. Optimum growth temperature of CHSE-214 cell line was $20^{\circ}C$. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus(IPNV) was successfuly multiplied and showed the cytopathic effect in CHSE-214 cell line. Infection symptom of IPNV was observed with inverted phase contrast microscopy. At 6h-12hrs post-infection, the cells infected with IPNV were similer to normal cells. At 18-24hrs post-infection, the cells were somewhat round form and a little swollen form than normal cells. At 30hs post-infection, the cells were becoming more abnormal cells. At 48-68 post-infection, the infected cells were lysed and showed the severe cytopathic effect.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1985

A rapid assay for interferon based on reduction of cytopathic effect was developed with HEp-2 and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. The number of manipulations and the lengths of the various incubation steps were reduced to minimum. The assay is simple to perform and can be completed with 22-24 hr. Moreover, it was precise method than CPE-reading method.