• 생태와환경
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• 제37권2호통권107호
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• pp.213-226
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 엽록소 a 농도와 저수지의 수심을 토대로 유형을 분류하고 각 유형에서의 수질특성을 평가하였다. 486개의 저수지를 대상으로 엽록소 a 농도 25 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$와 수심 7.5m를 기준으로 4가지 유형으로 분류하였다. 각 호수에서의 연평균 최대 엽록소 a 농도를 기초로 OECD와 TSI 기준에 따라 평가 시 각각 34.3%와 72.8%가 부영양상태였다. 엽록소 a 농도 25 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$를 기준으로 구분된 유형들에서 총질소 농도(2배) 보다는 총인 (4배)의 농도차이가 크게 나타났다. TN/TP비를 토대로 할 때 인이 제한 영양염으로 나타났고, 영양상태가 높은 저수지들에서 인에 대한 제한정도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 엽록소 a 농도가 가장 높은 TYPE II에 포함된 저수지는 상대적으로 노후된 시설이 많고 DA/LA비가 작으며 체류시간이 길고 유역 내 논과 밭으로 이용되는 면적이 넓고 유역에서 발생하는 오염부하가 많았다. 비록 유역면적이 유역내에서의 오염물질 발생부하량과 관련된 요인으로 고려될 수 있으나 수질과의 뚜렷한 상관성이 없었다. 본 연구에서 수심이나 시설물의 노후정도와 같은 형태학적인 특성과 더불어 유역 내의 토지이용형태는 저수지의 수질을 결정하는 매우 주요한 인자로 나타났고 수질 특성을 평가함에 있어 효과적인 인자로 제시되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.591-605
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• 2010

This study were to simulate major criteria air pollutants and estimate regional source-receptor relationship using air quality prediction model (TAPM ; The Air Pollution Model) in the Seoul Metropolitan area. Source-receptor relationship was estimated by contribution of each region to other regions and region itself through dividing the Seoul metropolitan area into five regions. According to administrative boundary, region I and region II were Seoul and Incheon in order. Gyeonggi was divided into three regions by directions like southern(region III), northern(IV) and eastern(V) area. Gridded emissions ($1km{\times}1km$) by Clean Air Pollicy Support System (CAPSS) of National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) was prepared for TAPM simulation. The operational weather prediction system, Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) operated by the Korean Meteorology Administration (KMA) was used for the regional weather forecasting with 30km grid resolution. Modeling period was 5 continuous days for each season with non-precipitation. The results showed that region I was the most air-polluted area and it was 3~4 times more polluted region than other regions for $NO_2$, $SO_2$ and PM10. Contributions of $SO_2$ $NO_2$ and PM10 to region I, II and III were more than 50 percent for their own sources. However region IV and V were mostly affected by sources of region I, II and III. When emissions of all regions were assumed to reduce 10 and 20 percent separately, air pollution of each region was reduced linearly and the contributions of reduction scenario were similar to those of base case. As input emissions were reduced according to different ratio - region I 40 percent, region II and III 20 percent, region IV and V 10 percent, air pollutions of region I and III were decreased remarkably. The contributions to region I, II, III were also reduced for their own sources. However, region I, II and III affected more regions IV and V. Shortly, graded reduction of emission could be more effective to control air pollution in emission imbalanced area.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.771-778
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• 2008

남강 상류에 하수도 시설의 보급률을 현행 20.8%에서 65.2%로 향상시켰을 경우 남강과 덕천강 그리고 진양호의 수질 변화를 파악하기 위하여 QUAL2E 모형과 WASP 7 모형을 이용하여 목표연도인 2011년의 BOD, TN, TP의 농도를 모의하였다. 수질 예측시나리오는 3가지로 구분하였다. 1) 하수도 시설이 현재와 같을 경우, 2) 하수도 시설의 확충으로 BOD, TN, TP가 각각 사업 목표 저감량인 2350.5kg/d, 216.0kg/d, 44.0kg/d 저감되었을 경우의 수질을 모의하였다. 또한 3) 남강과 진양호가 1급수가 되기 위해 저감해야 할 오염물 배출량을 모의하였다. 수질 모의 결과 남강 상류에서 하수도 보급률을 향상시켰을 경우 하천의 수질은 평균적으로 BOD 7.69%, TN 2.10%가 개선되는 것으로 나타났으며, 진양호의 수질은 BOD 10.25%, TN 1.37%, TP 2.94%가 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 하수도 시설의 확충으로 남강과 진양호의 수질을 1급수로 유지할 수는 없는 것으로 모의되었다. 남강과 진양호를 1급수로 유지하기 위해서는 BOD의 배출량을 각각 27.2%, 37.05% 감소시켜야 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 살균제, 항진균제 등의 의약품을 포함하여 다양한 목적으로 사용되며, 신방오도료로서의 가능성이 확인된 바 있는 Zinc undecylenate (ZU)를 이용해 연안환경 내 1차 소비자를 대표할 수 있는 성게 2종(H. pulcherrimus, M. nudus)에 대한 독성평가를 실시하였다. 실험결과 ZU에 대한 H. pulcherrimus와 M. nudus의 수정률 EC₅₀은, 각각 11.27 mgl^-1과 1.48 mgl^-1로 나타났다. 또한, 정상배아 발생률의 EC₅₀은 각각 0.94 mgl^-1와 3.78 mgl^-1로 나타났으며, NOEC는 0.20 mgl^-1, 0.78 mgl^-1를 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 도출된 성게 2종과 문헌조사를 통한 연안양식생물 2종의 급성독성결과를 이용하여 Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)를 계산하였다. PNEC 값은 0.0094 mgl^-1로 나타났으며, 위와 같은 결과는 해양환경 오염물질에 대한 환경보호전략 수립을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2011

동해안 국가어항 및 지정항만의 효율적 수질관리 및 개발계획 수립에 따른 환경성 진단을 지원하기 위해 수질현황과 변동특성을 분석하고, 정책적 고찰을 실시하였다. COD는 대부분 설정된 수질환경기준을 만족하였지만, TN과 TP는 기준을 초과하는 구역이 많았다. 하계에 최대 농도를 보인 COD, SS와는 달리 총인은 상대적으로 동계에 농도가 높은 양상이었다. 거진항, 축산항과 구룡포항을 제외하고는 대부분 인이 제한인자로 작용하는 것으로 평가되었고, 강구항과 포항구항의 부영양화지수가 가장 높았다. 국가어항인 강구항과 지정항만인 포항항, 주문진항과 구룡포항은 오염지수(COD, TN과 TP를 고려한 함수)가 상대적으로 크고 최근 들어 점점 증가하는 경향을 보인 반면, 삼척항, 임원항과 축산항은 오염지수가 다소 감소하는 등 연구지역마다 복잡한 변동양상을 나타내어 복수의 수질항목(유기 및 무기물질 등)을 종합적으로 고려한 오염지수의 지속적 평가가 필요하였다. 수질기준적용에서 죽변항과 축산항은 뚜렷한 환경적 차이가 없음에도 불구하고 다른 구역에 비해 엄격하게 적용되어 있는 등 기준설정에 대한 개선이 필요하였다. 최근 설정된 수질등급기준과 평가지수는 개선된 측면은 있으나, 오염원 관리대상 항목과의 연계성이 미흡하고 환산계수 등이 모호한 측면이 있어서 좀 더 보완될 필요성이 제기되었다. 항내 퇴적물 오염실태에 관한 기초자료가 매우 부족하므로 준설토의 친환경적 처분과 수질악화를 방지하기 위해서 이에 대한 진단과 모니터링이 수반되어야 할 것이다. 특히, 지정항만 등에 대한 모니터링이 이루어지고 있으나 일부에 국한될 뿐만 아니라, 국가어항 모니터링은 전체의 7%에 지나지 않아서 관련 법적 근거 마련을 통해서 국가가 관리하는 항에 대한 체계적인 모니터링방안이 재정립되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.559-574
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• 2016

Based on air quality monitoring data ('10~'14) of Suwon City provided by the Korean Department of Environment, a fundamental statistic for 5 criteria pollutants such as $SO_2$, CO, $NO_2$, $O_3$, and $PM_{10}$ was initially investigated. The purpose of this paper was to review the ambient air quality standards(AAQS) of Korea, the U.S.A. and the EU and further to assess the degree of standard strength by the achievability of the AAQS comparing each national standard. Since the level and the way of standards for each air pollutant are various among countries, it is difficult to determine the degree of relative attainment using the same set of data above. Further when all the areas having bad air quality for a specific pollutant are classified as non-attainment case, it is more difficult to assess the degree of standard strength. Thus we introduced a new concept called the average concentration distance (ACD) to quantitatively estimate the strength. As results, the Korean 1-hr $NO_2$ AAQS is slightly stronger than the US standard and weaker than the EU standard. The Korean $O_3$ standard is strongest; however, the Korean $PM_{10}$ standard is weakest. Furthermore the equivalent levels of 8-hr $O_3$ standards in the U.S.A. and the EU were respectively estimated as 97.5 and 95.7 percentiles of the Korean standard with maintaining the existing standard of 60 ppb.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate air quality in the underground parking lot of department store. Sampling sites were selected to the three sites in one department store. Measuring instrument started from November 3rd, 2005 to November 9, 2005. Target air quality parameters include a number of criteria pollutants such as NOx, $O_3$. The purpose of this study was to find out the present condition of indoor air quality in underground parking space of department store. Through the field measurement, the current situation and the behavior of contaminants were investigated and then was compared with the advice standards. The result of this study was as follows; The Average density of NOx gas and $O_3$ gas was maintained below the indoor air advice standards. The Average density of NOx gas and $O_3$ gas was highly measured during the weekend than during the week day. Average density of NOx gas and $O_3$ gas was highly measured at daytime than that of afternoon. Average density of NOx gas was highly measured in the center area than the other area. Average density of $O_3$ gas was highly measured at the entrance than the other area. NOx gas concentration was maintained below 0.3ppm, an average for 1 hours, as defined in the parking space law. $O_3$ gas concentration was maintained below 0.08ppm, an average for 1 hours, as defined in the parking space law.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.608-614
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• 2012

The effluent limitation of industrial wastewater is based on uniform regulatory criteria for effluent discharge facilities of all in Korea. But, an individual effluent limitation on each effluent discharge facility is widely applicable for regulation of industrial wastewater in US.EPA. To decide an individual effluent limitation, TBEL (Technology-based effluent limitation) and WQBEL (Water quality-based effluent limitation) are used. TBEL is based on the capability of a treatment technology to reduce the pollutants. WQBEL is based on ambient water quality standards. In this study, TBEL were derived for the pulp, paper and paper board manufacturing based on best practicable control technology currently available. It was suggested that effluent limitations were $BOD_5$ 4.7 mg/L, $COD_{Mn}$ 44.3 mg/L, SS 13.2 mg/L, TN 1.4 mg/L, TP 0.15 mg/L and best practicable control technology currently available (BPT) was neutralization, activated sludge treatment and coagulation and sedimentation for the pulp, paper and paper board manufacturing.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of the pollutant discharge from non-point source and to estimate the unit loads of the pollutant discharge from the upper watershed of Seomjin Dam during rainy season. The upper watershed of Seomjin Dam is located in the middle of Jeonbuk province is formed two tributaries mainly. A sub-branch stream of those tributaries is Imsil stream of which flow rate is about 13% of the main stream of Seomjin reservoir normally. On the basis of measurement result in this study, the water quality of Imsil stream was fluctuated highly and the quantity of measured pollutant discharge was higher than the value calculated with the proportion of flow rate during dry season. On the contrary, during rainy season the mean values of flow rate and water quality were higher than the quartile according to the statistical analysis. That means rainfall can influence strongly on the water quality of the upper watershed of Seomjin reservoir. Among the several criteria of water quality, SS discharge was most sensitive to the flow rate variation of stream, which was fluctuated in proportion of rainfall, basically. It was evaluated the event mean concentration (EMC) of non-point source pollutants depending on rainfall events as well. Though the pollutant discharge unit of Imsil stream was lower than the main stream of Seomjin reservoir, the EMC value of Imsil stream was higher than the main stream of Seomjin reservoir.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.766-775
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• 2007

The use of toxic chemicals was extended as the industry in Korea has grown dramatically during the last three decades. However, list of toxic substances and limit concentrations in the water environment are not consistent within management of ambient water, drinking water and industrial effluent. This article suggests the systematic framework to classify toxic substances in the water environment and deriving their effluent limits. The most important factor for decision-making to classify toxic substances is whether their concentrations in the water environment are higher than the reference concentrations, estimated by considering human health risk and ecological risk. Using a risk-based reference concentration, the ambient water quality criterion, it is possible to derive the regulatory limit concentrations of toxic substances in drinking water and in industrial effluent. The goal concentrations in the effluent, which guarantee the human and ecological safety, should be determined with scientific investigation, balancing environmental benefit and economical effect, considering availability of treatment technology and identifying characteristics of wastewater from different industries.