• 무역상무연구
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• 제68권
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• pp.1-21
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to propose a new mechanism for the global transmission of electronic trade documents and to promote them using it. Trade settlement methods are changed from L/C bases to non-L/C bases and in particular, the telegraphic transfer is dramatically increased since mid 1990. But the status of transmission of electronic trade documents still rely on the letter of credit and bill of lading. So it need to change the process of transmission of electronic trade documents utilizing non-negotiable sea waybill instead of bill of lading. In this study, I pointed out two problems as obstacle factors in global transmission of electronic trade documents. First is the system connection problem between domestic and foreign banks and second is the electronic right transfer problem in the bill of lading. Electronic bill of lading has already been made, but are not used and e-Nego has also not been activated under the above issues. Therefore, it should be solved previously the above problems for the global transmission of electronic trade documents under the letters of credit. However, in transactions of transfer, it does not need the inter-bank connection and also does not occur the electronic right transfer problem of bill of lading if using the non-negotiable seaway bill instead of bill of lading. In this paper, I recommend the global transmission strategies of e-trade documents using the non-negotiable sea waybill in transactions of transfer. Hopefully, I expect the activation of global transmission of e-trade documents through the utilization of electronic non-negotiable sea waybill as suggested by this study.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제69권
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• pp.201-220
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• 2016

A bill of lading is a document which is signed by the carrier or his agent acknowledging that the goods have been shipped on board a named vessel bound for the destination and stating the terms on which the goods so received are to be carried. Therefore, the bill of lading is a document of title enabling the holder to obtain credit from banks before the arrival of the goods, for the transfer of the bill of lading can operate as a pledge of the goods themselves. In the other words the bill of lading creates a privity between its holder and the carrier as if the contract was made. A bill of lading, for obtaining credit from banks, must appear to indicate the carrier's name and signature, the "shipped on board" notation, the port of loading and unloading stated in the sales contract and the credit. Data in the bill of lading, when read in context with the sales contract, the credit, the bill of lading itself and international standard banking practice, need not be identical to, but must not conflict with, data in that bill of lading, any other stipulated document, the sales contract or the credit. The surrender bill of lading, stamping "surrendered" on the original bill of lading by request of the shipper, is not recognized the legal effectiveness as a document of title by the statutory law and court. The surrender bill of lading may increase the risk of impossibility of payment to the holder. Therefore, the surrender bill of lading should be used restrictively between the credible parties and suggested to avoid in the other cases.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.405-427
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• 1999

Although Uniform Customs and practice for Documentary(UCP) is not a law, it applies to most documentary credits and is binding on all parties unless otherwise expressly stipulated. Besides, Uniform Commercial Code(UCC) Article 5 was codified by the United States and was adopted by every state. Moreover, the New York version of the UCC Article 5-102(4) specifically providing that the UCC does not apply to letters of credit where the parties agree to be governed by the UCP. Identical nonuniform Articles were latter added in Alabama, Arizona, and Missouri. The fact that courts in forty-six of the fifty states are bound by Article 5. Until now, Article 5 of the UCC has probably had an impact on the decisions in New York and the New York common law. Therefore, I examined a few issues on application between Article 5 of the UCC and the UCP. First, although the UCP attempt to introduce a new for examination of document by incorporating "standard practice of financial institutions" and "international banking practice", the standards for documentary compliance are not clear. The UCC attempt to rely on the matter of interpretation for the court, but the UCP would probably be interested in examining in about bank's internal practices as reflected in UCP Articles. Second, the rule for nondocumentary conditions is a useful for stand-by credit transactions under the UCC, but these conditions would probably put the bank in an even worse position in case of documentary credit transactions under the UCP. Third, the UCP does not contain any provision governing the fraud exception, but the UCC codified the fraud and forgery rules developed through American case law. Fourth, the UCP treats the issue of transfer in much more detail than the UCC does. In contract, the UCP's treatment of assignment of proceeds is brief. Finally, I suggest that the fraud exception rules should be prescribed in the UCP in order to protect the issuing bank and the applicant when an unscrupulous party attempts to defraud.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2019

As the attracting foreign student has become a very important strategy, detailed researches on their college selection and their satisfaction with college life are needed. Especially it is necessary to distinguish ordinary international students and those who take classes in Local Education Centers (LEC) before coming to Korea. The central purpose of this study is to identify how the two types of students differ in their perception of college selection factors and what factors affect their satisfaction with college life. A total of 186 international students participated in the study. It was found that the most important college selection factor of the pre-educated LEC students was 'obtaining academic ability through online classes and transfer of credit hours'. Second, these students reported that the two influential factors for their satisfaction with college life were 'quality of education' and 'cultural experience program'. Third, it was found that the major college selection factors influencing ordinary international students' college life satisfaction were 'expertise of faculty', 'transfer of credit through curriculum links', and 'recommendation from teachers at home country'. Fourth, the major factors affecting the pre-educated LEC students' satisfaction with college life were 'KSL classes at LE's', 'expertise of faculty', and 'financial aid system'.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.1231-1245
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• 2015

People have transferred their business model from traditional commerce to e-commerce in recent decades. Both shopping and payment can be completed through the Internet and bring convenience to consumers and business opportunities to industry. These trade techniques are mostly set up based on the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). SSL provides the security for transaction information and is easy to set up, which makes it is widely accepted by individuals. Although attackers cannot obtain the real content even when the transferred information is intercepted, still there is risk for online trade. For example, it is impossible to prevent credit card information from being stolen by virtual merchant. Therefore, we propose a new mechanism to solve such security problem. We make use of the disposable dynamic security code (DSC) to replace traditional card security code. So even attackers get DSC for that round of transaction, they cannot use it for the next time. Besides, we apply visual secret sharing techniques to transfer the DSC, so that interceptors cannot retrieve the real DSC even for one round of trade. This way, we can improve security of credit card transaction and reliability of online business. The experiments results validate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed mechanism.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제59권
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• pp.159-178
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• 2013

International factoring is very useful to transfer credit risk, to promote cash flow, to collect debt and to reduce cost and expenses. However, International factoring system in china shows imperfection especially in gap of legal vacuum and its limit to be developed. Here I suggest a practical alternative for development of International factoring system in china as follow. First, legal environment in China for factoring system should be rearranged. Even law and contract law have relative clauses for factoring system there are many difficulty to be applied. It is necessary to prepare legal ground for factoring system. Second, without recourse for International factoring system should be fixed. Without recourse is the essential point for factoring system in international trade. In fact chinese factors are partially applied only for those big global companies. However International factoring system is especially useful for small-medium companies lacked of a good credit rating. It is necessary to promote special factors by combining financial organizations as it does in developed countries. Third, they need to make legal ground to prohibit unlicensed factoring companies. Forth, they need to educate usefulness of factoring system. The settlement system in China is to be developed by systematic researches and promotion for International factoring system.

• 정보학연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.159-176
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• 2005

The Purpose of this Article is to analyze the special settlement and electronic settlement system in the international trade. First, Factoring is a fast, easy and flexible way to improve a company's cash flow and generate working capital for the company. Factoring can be short-term or part of an ongoing financing program. New companies can benefit as well, since there is no requirement for a long-term credit history. Second, Forfaiting is a method of trade financing that allows exporters to obtain cash and be free of all risks by selling their medium term receivables on a 'without recourse' basis. Forfaiting can be an alternative to export credit or insurance cover, especially for those transactions in which the export credit agency is not open to a particular country and/or bank. Third, The Bolero System is jointly financed by SWIFT(Society for World International Financial Telecommunications) which handles most of the electronic funds transfer for banks, and the Through Transport Mutual Assurance Association(the TT Club), a mutual insurance association most of whose members are drawn from the Multimodal transport industry or transport intermediaries. Fourth, TradeCard is a payment and settlement system that is an alternative to letters of crdeit. That is, TradeCard is a business-to-business e-commerce infrastructure that enables buyers and sellers to conduct and settle international trade transactions securely over the Internet.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.132-138
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• 1998

ATM망에서 CVR, VBR, UBR, ABR과 같은 트랙이 존재하는데 특히 ABR 트래픽 관리에 대해서 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. ABR은 CBR/VBR이 쓰고 남은 대역폭을 쓰게 되는데 이 남은 대역폭을 효율적으로 사용하고자 많은 방식이 나오고 있다 ATM Forum의 트래픽 관리 WG(Working Group)에서는 ABR서비스의 흐름제어 loop을 구현하기위한 방식으로 Rate-based와 Credit-base. 그리고 이 두 가지 방식을 혼합한 방식에 대해서연구를 진행하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 Rate-based 방식에서 EFCI. ER과 VS / VD(Virtual Source/Virtual Destination)등을 이용한 스위치에 대해서 알아보고 VS/VD 방식과 기존의EPRCA알고리듬을 응용하여 효율적으로 ABR트래픽을 관리할 수 있는 새로운 메커니즘을제안한다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.885-895
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• 2019

최근 금융권 해킹사례를 통해서 알 수 있듯이 공격자는 금융회사를 직접 해킹하기 보다는 보안관리가 허술한 수탁자를 대상으로 해킹공격을 시도하고 있다. 이로 인해 위탁자는 수탁자에 대한 보안점검 및 통제를 강화하고 있으나 영세 수탁자의 경우 전산설비 부족 및 보안장비 도입 시 과도한 비용 발생으로 인해 정보보호 투자에 미흡하다. 본 논문에서는 신용카드사들로부터 개인정보를 제공 받은 영세수탁업체의 보안강화를 위해 개인정보 라이프 사이클 기준으로 취약점에 대해 알아 보고자한다. 취약점 해결방안으로 클라우드 컴퓨팅 서비스에 소송관리시스템을 구축하여 사용하고 데이터 전송구간은 가상사설망을 설치하여 기밀성 및 무결성을 확보한다. 또한 사용자 보안강화를 위해 사용자PC에 PC방화벽, 출력물 보안등의 설치를 통한 개인신용정보 처리 보호방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.213-232
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• 2017

본 연구는 현재 시행되고 있는 BPO에 대해 제도적 차원에서 주요 쟁점으로 중심으로 신용장 제도와 비교하여 고찰하였다. BPO는 은행간의 약정이기 때문에 지급의무의 이행, 확인, 양도 등에 있어서 신용장제도와 차이를 보이며, 또한 유의해야 할 점이다. BPO은 기본적으로 기능 면에서 신용장과 유사하지만, 별개의 독립적인 제도로 운용되며 정보기술과 데이터를 기반으로 한다. 신용장을 포함한 전통적인 제도 보다는 더 효율적이며 비용 효과적이다. 따라서 전통적인 제도에 대한 전자적 대안으로 보여진다. 본 연구는 선행 연구를 중심으로 이미 발표된 BPO 관련 연구와 자료 등을 통하여 문헌 연구하였다.