• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.243-256
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• 2022

Transcriptional regulation, a core component of gene regulatory networks, plays a key role in controlling individual organism's growth and development. To understand how plants modulate cellular processes for growth and development, the identification and characterization of gene regulatory networks are of importance. The SHORT-ROOT (SHR) transcription factor is known for its role in cell divisions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, whether SHR is involved in hypocotyl cell elongation remains unknown. Here, we reveal that SHR controls hypocotyl cell elongation via the transcriptional regulation of XTH18, XTH22, and XTH24, which encode cell wall remodeling enzymes called xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs). Interestingly, SHR activates transcription of the XTH genes, independently of its partner SCARECROW (SCR), which is different from the known mode of action. In addition, overexpression of the XTH genes can promote cell elongation in the etiolated hypocotyl. Moreover, confinement of SHR protein in the stele still induces cell elongation, despite the aberrant organization in the hypocotyl ground tissue. Therefore, it is likely that SHR-mediated growth is uncoupled from SHR-mediated radial patterning in the etiolated hypocotyl. Our findings also suggest that intertissue communication between stele and endodermis plays a role in coordinating hypocotyl cell elongation of the Arabidopsis seedling. Taken together, our study identifies SHR as a new crucial regulator that is necessary for cell elongation in the etiolated hypocotyl.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2022

All living organisms are destined to die. Cells, the core of those living creatures, move toward the irresistible direction of death. The question of how to die is critical and is very interesting. There are various types of death in life, including natural death, accidental death, questionable death, suicide, and homicide. The mechanisms and molecules involved in cell death also differ depending on the type of death. The dysenteric amoeba, E. histolytica, designated by the German zoologist Fritz Schaudinn in 1903, has the meaning of tissue lysis; i.e., tissue destroying, in its name. It was initially thought that the amoebae lyse tissue very quickly leading to cell death called necrosis. However, advances in measuring cell death have allowed us to more clearly investigate the various forms of cell death induced by amoeba. Increasing evidence has shown that E. histolytica can cause host cell death through induction of various intracellular signaling pathways. Understanding of the mechanisms and signaling molecules involved in host cell death induced by amoeba can provide new insights on the tissue pathology and parasitism in human amoebiasis. In this review, we emphasized on the signaling role of NADPH oxidases in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death by pathogenic E. histolytica.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.1478-1490
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• 2011

멀티코어 프로세서는 멀티미디어 스트리밍에 있어서 비교적 낮은 비용에 높은 성능을 보인다는 장점 때문에 스마트폰, 스마트 TV, 셋톱박스 등 관련 산업계에서 큰 관심을 받고 있다. 멀티미디어 데이터를 처리하기 위해서는 주기적인 태스크의 시간 제약성을 만족시킬 수 있는 스케줄링 알고리즘이 필요하다. Pfair 스케줄링 알고리즘은 이론상으로 멀티코어 상에서 모든 태스크의 시간 제약성을 만족하는 동시에 100%의 이용률을 달성할 수 있지만 코어간에 태스크의 빈번한 이동이 필요하고 매 스케줄링 시점에 시스템 전역에 대한 동기화가 필요하는 등 스케줄링을 위한 오버헤드가 매우 높다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 본 논문에서는 코어 간의 이동이 꼭 필요할 경우에만 전체 코어의 스케줄링을 수행하고 평상시에는 각 코어별로 독립적인 스케줄링을 수행하도록 하는 HPGP 스케줄러를 제안한다. 시뮬레이터를 통한 실험 결과 기존의 Pfair 알고리즘에 비해 스케줄링 오버헤드가 현격히 감소하는 것을 알 수 있으며 80% 이하의 이용률을 갖는 태스크 집합에서는 스케줄링 오버헤드가 거의 발생하지 않는 것을 확인하였다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.337-344
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• 2003

In this paper, we introduce a fully synthesizable 32-bit embedded microprocessor core called the AE32000B. The AE32000B core is based on the extendable instruction set computer architecture, so it has high code density and a low memory access rate. In order to improve the performance of the core, we developed and adopted various design options, including the load extension register instruction (LERI) folding unit, a high performance multiply and accumulate (MAC) unit, various DSP units, and an efficient coprocessor interface. The instructions per cycle count of the Dhrystone 2.1 benchmark for the designed core is about 0.86. We verified the synthesizability and the area and time performances of our design using two CMOS standard cell libraries: a 0.35-${\mu}m$ library and a 0.18-${\mu}m$ library. With the 0.35-${\mu}m$ library, the core can be synthesized with about 47,000 gates and operate at 70 MHz or higher, while it can be synthesized with about 53,000 gates and operate at 120 MHz or higher with the 0.18-${\mu}m$ library.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.798-803
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• 2005

본 논문은 IEEE 802.11i 무선 랜 보안을 위한 AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) 기반 CCMP Core의 설계에 대해서 기술한다. 설계된 CCMP 코어는 데이터 기밀성을 위한 counter 모드와 사용자 인증 및 데이터 무결성 검증을 위한 CBC(Cipher Block Chaining) 모드가 두개의 AES 암호 코어로 병렬 처리되도록 함으로써 전체 성능의 최적화를 이루었다. AES 암호 코어의 하드웨어 복잡도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 S-box를 composite field 연산방식을 적용하여 설계함으로써 기존의 LUT(Lookup Table)로 구현하는 방식에 비해 게이트 수가 약 $20\%$ 감소되도록 하였다. 0.25-um CMOS cell 라이브러리로 합성한 결과 13,360개의 게이트로 구현되었으며, 54-MHz의 클럭으로 안전하게 동작하여 168 Mbps의 성능이 예상된다. 설계된 CCMP코어는 Altera Excalibur SoC 칩에 구현하여 동작을 검증하였다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2005년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.367-370
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• 2005

본 논문은 IEEE 802.11i 무선 랜 보안을 위한 AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) 기반 CCMP Core의 설계에 대해서 기술한다. 설계된 CCMP 코어는 데이터 기밀성을 위한 counter 모드와 사용자 인증 및 데이터 무결성 검증을 위한 CBC(Cipher Block Chaining) 모드가 두개의 AES 암호 코어로 병렬 처리되도록 함으로써 전체 성능의 최적화를 이루었다. AES 암호 코어의 하드웨어 복잡도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 S-box를 composite field 연산방식을 적용하여 설계함으로써 기존의 LUT(Lookup Table)로 구현하는 방식에 비해 게이트 수가 약 25% 감소되도록 하였다. 0.25-um CMOS cell 라이브러리로 합성한 결과 15,450개의 게이트로 구현되었으며, 50-MHz의 클럭으로 안전하게 동작하여 128 Mbps의 성능이 예상된다. 설계된 CCMP코어는 Altera Excalibur SoC 칩에 구현하여 동작을 검증하였다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.270-274
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 양자 역학 계산 이론 중 하나인 Density Functional Theory (DFT)를 사용하여 $Pd/Pd_3Fe$ 촉매 표면에서 개미산(HCOOH) 분해 반응으로부터 수소를 생산하는 반응 메커니즘을 분석하였다. 기존 연구에 따르면, 단일 원자 촉매 중에서 개미산 분해 반응에 가장 높은 수소 생산성을 기록하는 원자는 Pd 촉매이지만, 부 반응으로 생산되는 CO가 Pd에 독성을 띄우기 때문에 Pd 촉매의 성능을 저하시킨다. 이러한 단점을 극복하고자, Pd를 기반으로 Pd와 Fe를 3:1로 합금하여 $Pd_3Fe$가 코어(core) 형태로 존재하고 Pd가 표면에 위치한 core-shell $Pd/Pd_3Fe$ 촉매를 설계하여 개미산 분해 반응에 의한 수소 생산 속도를 계산하였다. 순수 Pd촉매 보다 $Pd/Pd_3Fe$ 촉매의 수소 생산 반응의 활성 에너지가 감소하였다. 그 이유는 Pd와 Fe가 합금화 되면서 $Pd_3Fe$의 격자 상수가 $2.76{\AA}$로 줄어 들어 HCOO의 흡착에너지를 0.03 eV 감소시켰고, Fe에서 표면 Pd로 전자가 이동하면서 표면 전자 구조가 변화하여 HCOO의 흡착에너지를 0.29 eV 낮추었기 때문이다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 결과를 바탕으로 추후 개미산으로부터 수소 생산이 더 용이한 새로운 촉매 설계 메커니즘을 제안하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.446-454
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• 2022

Objective: To evaluate whether hyperoxia-induced ΔR₁ (hyperO₂ΔR₁) can accurately identify histological infarction in an acute cerebral stroke model. Materials and Methods: In 18 rats, MRI parameters, including hyperO₂ΔR₁, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), cerebral blood flow and volume, and ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on PET were measured 2.5, 4.5, and 6.5 hours after a 60-minutes occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Histological examination of the brain was performed immediately following the imaging studies. MRI and PET images were co-registered with digitized histological images. The ipsilateral hemisphere was divided into histological infarct (histological cell death), non-infarct ischemic (no cell death but ADC decrease), and nonischemic (no cell death or ADC decrease) areas for comparisons of imaging parameters. The levels of hyperO₂ΔR₁ and ADC were measured voxel-wise from the infarct core to the non-ischemic region. The correlation between areas of hyperO₂ΔR₁-derived infarction and histological cell death was evaluated. Results: HyperO₂ΔR₁ increased only in the infarct area (p ≤ 0.046) compared to the other areas. ADC decreased stepwise from non-ischemic to infarct areas (p = 0.002 at all time points). The other parameters did not show consistent differences among the three areas across the three time points. HyperO₂ΔR₁ sharply declined from the core to the border of the infarct areas, whereas there was no change within the non-infarct areas. A hyperO₂ΔR₁ value of 0.04 s^-1 was considered the criterion to identify histological infarction. ADC increased gradually from the infarct core to the periphery, without a pronounced difference at the border between the infarct and non-infarct areas. Areas of hyperO₂ΔR₁ higher than 0.04 s^-1 on MRI were strongly positively correlated with histological cell death (r = 0.862; p < 0.001). Conclusion: HyperO₂ΔR₁ may be used as an accurate and early (2.5 hours after onset) indicator of histological infarction in acute stroke.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.433-437
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• 2021

As the demand for new and renewable energy increases due to the depletion of fossil fuels, solar power generation, a core energy source for new and renewable energy, requires research on solar modules for high output power generation. In this paper, the electrical characteristics of solar cell strip at the edge and in the center of single-crystal silicon having a semi-square shape were analyzed. The cell strip located in the center showed the efficiency increase by 0.26% compared to the cell strip at the edge of the solar cell. A shingled photovoltaic module was manufactured for each cell strip. As a result, the output power of the module using the cell strip located in the center was higher by 0.992%.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.507-512
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• 2016

Expensive silver powder is used to form electrodes in most IT equipment, and recently, many attempts have been made to lower manufacturing costs by developing powders with Ag-Ni or Ag-Cu core-shell structures. This study examined the sintering behavior of Ag-Ni electrode powder with a core-shell structure for silicon solar cell with high energy efficiency. The electrode powder was found to have a surface similar to pure Ag powder, and cross-sectional analysis revealed that Ag was uniformly coated on Ni powder. Each electrode was formed by sintering in the range of $500^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$, and the specimen sintered at $600^{\circ}C$ had the lowest sheet resistance of $5.5m{\Omega}/{\Box}$, which is about two times greater than that of pure Ag. The microstructures of electrodes formed at varying sintering temperatures were examined to determine why sheet resistance showed a minimum value at $600^{\circ}C$. The electrode formed at $600^{\circ}C$ had the best Ag connectivity, and thus provided a better path for the flow of electrons.