• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.5-11
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• 1996

This paper is the study for recognizing single vowels of speaker-independent, and we suppose a method of speech recognition using VQ(Vector Quantization)/NN(Neural Network). This method makes a VQ codebook, which is used for obtaining the observation sequence, and then claculates the probability value by comparing each codeword with the data, finally uses these probability values for the input value of the neural network. Korean signle vowels are selected for our recognition experiment, and ten male speakers pronounced eight single vowels ten times. We compare the performance of our method with those of fuzzy VQ/HMM and conventional VQ/NN According to the experiment result, the recognition rate by VQ/NN is 92.3%, by VQ/HMM using fuzzy is 93.8% and by VQ/NN using fuzzy is 95.7%. Therefore, it is shown that recognition rate of speech recognition by fuzzy VQ/NN is better than those of fuzzy VQ/HMM and conventional VQ/HMM because of its excellent learning ability.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 2011

High-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) has higher resolution and penetration power than conventional transmission electron microscope that could be load thick specimen. Some researchers have taken this advantage of HVEM to explore 3-dimensional configuration of the biological structures including tissue and cells. Whole mount preparations has been employed to study some cell lines and primary culture cells. In this study, we would like to introduce useful whole mount preparation method for neuronal studies. The plastic coverslips were punched, covered by formvar membrane and coated with carbon. The neurons obtained embryonic 18 rat hippocampus were seeded on the prepared cover slip. The coverslips were fixed, dried in freeze drier and kept in a descicator until HVEM observation. We could observe detailed neuronal structures such as soma, dendrite and spine under HVEM without conventional thin section and heavy metal stain. The anaglyphic image based on stereo paired image ($-8^{\circ},+8^{\circ}$) provides three dimensional perception of the neuronal dendrites and their spines. This method could be applied to sophisticated analysis of dendritic spine under the various experimental conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.3 no.2 s.6
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• pp.75-82
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• 1995

The calculation of astronomic latitude and longitude have been carried by astrolabe, theodolite. Conventional procedures to determine it require clear weather conditions, time high cost. So we need more effective method to decide them. The objective here is to present method to computate astronomic latitude and longitude by mixing GPS observation result and geodetic height. Also to decide geodetic height we used GPS/leveling, DMA(n=m=180) and OSU91A(n=m=360) methods. Compared to conventional procedures we could obtain astronomic latitude and longitude using GPS by $1{\sim}3'$ difference. If the precise geoid model of Korea will be developed, we can compute astronomic latitude and longitude effectively using GPS observation only.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2019

A synthetic aperture radar(SAR) satellite is more effective than an optical satellite for target analysis because an SAR satellite can provide two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering distribution of a target during all-weather and day-and-night operations. To conduct target analysis while considering the earth observation interval of an SAR satellite, observing a specific area as wide as possible would be advantageous. However, wider the observation area, worse is the resolution of the associated SAR satellite image. Although conventional methods for improving the resolution of radar images can be employed for addressing this issue, few studies have been conducted for improving the resolution of SAR satellite images and analyzing the performance. Hence, in this study, the applicability of conventional methods to SAR satellite images is investigated. SAR target detection was first applied to Korea Multipurpose Satellite-5(KOMPSAT-5) SAR images provided by Korea Aerospace Research Institute for extracting target responses. Extrapolation, RELAX, and MUSIC algorithms were subsequently applied to the target responses for improving the resolution, and the corresponding performance was thereby analyzed.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.445-462
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study is to compare paper and pencil test utilized to identify gifted students so far to the recently introduced teacher observation-recommendation system. More specifically, this study compared intelligence, career patterns, and self- regulated learning abilities of gifted students who were identified through those two different identification system to explore the possibility of the newly introduced teacher observation-recommendation system. The results show that there was no significant difference in the aspect of overall IQ score. However, students who were identified through the observation-recommendation system showed significantly higher scores at some subscores of intelligence test, such as vocabulary application, comprehension, and schematization. In the aspects of career patterns, about 72% of gifted students who were identified through the previous paper and pencil test belonged to the 'investigative' category of Holland. But more diverse career patterns such as enterprising, social, realistic, conventional including investigative categories were found in those students who were identified by the observation-recommendation system. There were also significant differences in the self-regulated learning abilities between two groups of students. Practical implications of the study were discussed in depth.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1972

There are many kinds of microscopes suitable for general studies; optical microscopes(OM), conventional transmission electron microscopes (TEM), and scanning electron microscopes(SEM). The optical microscopes and the conventional transmission electron microscopes are very familiar. The images of these microscopes are directly formed on an image plane with one or more image forming lenses. On the other hand, the image of the scanning electron microscope is formed on a fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tube using a scanning system similar to television technique. In this paper, the features and some applications of the scanning electron microscope will be discussed briefly. The recently available scanning electron microscope, combining a resolution of about $200{\AA}$ with great depth of field, is favorable when compared to the replica technique. It avoids the problem of specimen damage and the introduction of artifacts. In addition, it permits the examination of many samples that can not be replicated, and provides a broader range of information. The scanning electron microscope has found application in diverse fields of study including biology, chemistry, materials science, semiconductor technology, and many others. In scanning electron microscopy, the secondary electron method. the backscattererd electron method, and the electromotive force method are most widely used, and the transmitted electron method will become more useful. Change-over of magnification can be easily done by controlling the scanning width of the electron probe. It is possible. to continuously vary the magnification over the range from 100 times to 1.00,000 times without readjustment of focusing. Conclusion: With the development of a scanning. electron microscope, it is now possible to observe almost all-information produced through interactions between substances and electrons in the form of image. When the probe is properly focused on the specimen, changing magnification of specimen orientation does not require any change in focus. This is quite different from the conventional transmission electron microscope. It is worthwhile to note that the typical probe currents of $10^{-10}$ to $10^{-12}\;{\AA}$ are for below the $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-7}\;{\AA}$ of a conventional. transmission microscope. This reduces specimen contamination and specimen damage due to heatings. Outstanding features of the scanning electron microscope include the 'stereoscopic observation of a bulky or fiber specimen in high resolution' and 'observation of potential distribution and electromotive force in semiconductor devices'.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1035-1043
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• 2021

Although engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermenting cellobiose is useful for the production of biofuels from cellulosic biomass, cellodextrin accumulation is one of the main problems reducing ethanol yield and productivity in cellobiose fermentation with S. cerevisiae expressing cellodextrin transporter (CDT) and intracellular β-glucosidase (GH1-1). In this study, we investigated the reason for the cellodextrin accumulation and how to alleviate its formation during cellobiose fermentation using engineered S. cerevisiae fermenting cellobiose. From the series of cellobiose fermentation using S. cerevisiae expressing only GH1-1 under several culture conditions, it was discovered that small amounts of GH1-1 were secreted and cellodextrin was generated through trans-glycosylation activity of the secreted GH1-1. As GH1-1 does not have a secretion signal peptide, non-conventional protein secretion might facilitate the secretion of GH1-1. In cellobiose fermentations with S. cerevisiae expressing only GH1-1, knockout of TLG2 gene involved in non-conventional protein secretion pathway significantly delayed cellodextrin formation by reducing the secretion of GH1-1 by more than 50%. However, in cellobiose fermentations with S. cerevisiae expressing both GH1-1 and CDT-1, TLG2 knockout did not show a significant effect on cellodextrin formation, although secretion of GH1-1 was reduced by more than 40%. These results suggest that the development of new intracellular β-glucosidase, not influenced by non-conventional protein secretion, is required for better cellobiose fermentation performances of engineered S. cerevisiae fermenting cellobiose.

• Journal of Drive and Control
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.27-33
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• 2015

Excavators are versatile earthmoving equipment that are used in civil engineering, hydraulic engineering, grading and landscaping, pipeline construction and mining. Effective operator training is essential to ensure safe and efficient operating of the machine. The virtual reality excavator based on simulation using conventional large size monitors is limited by the inability to provide a realistic real world training experience. We proposed a flexible observation method with a head tracking system to improve user feeling and sensation when operating a virtual reality excavator. First, an excavation simulator is designed by combining an excavator SimMechanics model and the virtual world. Second, a head mounted display (HMD) device is presented to replace the cumbersome large screens. Moreover, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor is mounted to the HMD for tracking the movement of the operator's head. These signals consequently change the virtual viewpoint of the virtual reality excavator. Simulation results were used to analyze the performance of the proposed system.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare satisfaction of practice and clinical skill in different participation learning and observation learning, and to offer the basic data to promote quality of nursing education. Method: The study used a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group post-test design. The subjects were 62 nursing students of K college in Jeonbuk, and the period of data gathering was limited from 19 Nov. 2006 to 30 Nov. 2006. Experience group was taught by hand-on education and control group was taught by conventional education. The instrument tools included self-efficacy, satisfaction of practice and clinical skill. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS-PC programme. Result: The results of this study were as follows: There was statistically a significance difference between the two group about satisfaction of practice(t=2.011 p=.043), and clinical skill(t=11.997, p=.000). Self-efficacy showed a significantly positive correlation with satisfaction of practice(r=.476, p=.000) and clinical skill(r=.178, p=.014). Also, satisfaction of practice showed a significantly positive correlation with clinical skill(r=.l82, p=.000). Conclusion: In conclusion, this study suggests that hand-on education is an effective learning method to nursing students. By utilizing hand-on education, makes nursing students plan self-directed nursing performance and improve their clinical skills.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2006

We report the development of a semi-VLBI observation system operating at 21 cm and present the measurement of visibility function toward the sun using this system. The system consists of two 2.3 meter antennas with a maximum separation of 35 meter, a conventional high speed data acquisition system, and a set of programs for software correlation. Since two local oscillators of receiver modules are independent, data had to be fringe-fitted to yield the visibility amplitude. It is found that the visibility amplitude decreases and then bounces back as baseline increases. We confirm that solar disk with brighter limb best explains the measured visibility amplitude.