• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.330-340
• /
• 2016

Objective: The outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) started in South Korea in May 2015 and the end of crisis was declared in December 2015 by Korea Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). However, Zika virus emerged in less than 2 months following MERS and showed higher mortality than other countries. This study is to assess the current prevention system of overseas infectious diseases, based on MERS and Zika virus outbreak and to suggest effective response system for the future. Methods: We conducted two surveys on medical specialists working at tertiary general hospitals regarding the effectiveness of responding system by KCDC against MERS and Zika virus and education in individual medical institutions using 5-Likert points. Response system was examined in three different periods as initial period, spreading period, and post disease period. Results: Although medical specialists received the notifications in initial period, no practical prevention was proven to be placed in responding stage by medical facilities (averagely 3.5/5 points in total and sub-analyses). During spreading period, there were several academic seminars conducted, which were evaluated as helpful. In post disease period, all answered that there were changes on patient treatment in all medical facilities, with mainly report system and the treatment regulations in case of suspicious patients for infection. Only 49% respondents answered positive on the possibility of initial responses. For questionnaire items regarding Zika virus, all answered that there were notifications prior to the first outbreak of the infected patient. Eighty% of respondents were aware of 'the Guideline system for traveling to dangerous areas', and answered that the system was moderately effective (averagely 3.8/5 points in total). For the effectiveness of prevention measures for foreign novel disease by KCDC, the average point was 3.0 in both of total and sub-analyses. Conclusion: There is not enough response system to prevent infectious disease in medical institutional and governmental levels in Korea. It would warrant the modification of overall medical system to improve preventive measures for initial spread of such diseases.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 2012

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, particularly cattle, sheep, pigs and goats. Last outbreak reported in November, 2010 induced the enormous social and economical impacts. Culling of infected animals, movement control, and vaccination are the major control measures of FMD. The aim of this study was to detection foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the soil and leachate from modeling burial for pig carcass as measured by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). FMDV and Coxsakievirus B1 (CVB1) were detected in soil by week 16 and Coxsakievirus B1 (CVB1) by weeks 12, respectively. FMDV and CVB1 also detected by weeks 8 in the leachate. Results from this study provides an evidence that FMDV could be inactivated for safe of pig carcasses infected with FMDV within 4 month in the carcass burial site.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2003

The occurrence of potato(Sotanum tuberosum) viral diseases caused by Potato virus X(PVX), Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato leafroll virus(PLRV), Potato vims S(PVS), Potato virus M(PVM), Potato virus A(PVA), Potato virus T(PVT), Alfalfa mosic virus(AIMV), Tobacco mosic virus(TMV), Potato mop top virus(PMTV) Tobacco rattle virus(TRV) and Potato spindle tuber viroid(PSTVd), potato witches' broom phytoplasma, have been identified so far in Korea. Major viral diseases such as PVX, PVY and PLRV had been studied more deeply, however, the others are just identified and only partially characterized since the first study on the relation between PVX nucleic acid and virus protein by Kim in 1961. The most studies on potato viral diseases are mainly focused on the problems of seed potato production. The National Alpine Agricultural Experiment Station(NAAES), since it began its activities in 1961, has given special attention to this problem by doing studies to identify, characterize and control potato virus diseases. This effort resulted in the development of new potato virus detection methods as a basis for elaborating new method of control, such as the production of seed potato free of virus and the selection of new virus-resistant transgenic potatoes. The further studies of potato viral diseases required would be fallowings: the continuous monitoring for the occurrence of identified or not identified potato viruses in Korea, the isolation of resistant viral genes, the development of control method for the non-persistently transmitted viruses like PVY, special vectors such as nematode and fungus transmitted viruses, TRV and PMTV and the development of control methods against potato viral diseases by viral cross protection, therapy, transgenic plant, and the use of the agents or molecules, such as virus inhibitors and antiviral proteins, etc., blocking viral replication.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.75-84
• /
• 2011

The amino acid sequence of glycoprotein of Korean VHSV isolate (KR'01-1) was analyzed using the DNAStar Protean system. Based on the flexibility, hydrophilicity, antigenic index and surface probability, three regions (Gp1, Gp2 and Gp3) were selected as potential antigenic determinants. Three oligopeptides containing the amino acid sequences of the three regions were synthesized and polyclonal antibodies were raised against them. The activities of the antibodies were analyzed by Western blotting and virus neutralization test. The results showed that antibodies raised against oligopeptides Gp1 and Gp2 neutralized the infectivity of VHSV, suggesting that they can be possible candidates for subunit vaccines against VHS diseases in olive flounder.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 2011

Aquatic animal raised in hatcheries play an important role in supplying seedling to stock enhancement and seed quality, especially, seed health is the key factor for survival in the field after release and for stocking effectiveness. We have inspected the hatchery-reared seeds of 33 marine species and 12 freshwater species for legally designated diseases in stock enhancement program in 2010. Results showed that abalone was the most abundant as 20.0% in the marine species group and then sea cucumber (15.6%), olive flounder (8.4%), rockfish (6.7%), black sea bream (6.3%) and swimming crab (6.1%) were followed. Crucian carp was the most abundant as 19.4%, and then eel (11.8%), Korean bullhead (10.9%), mandarin fish (10.8%), melanian snail (8.4%), catfish (7.7%) were followed in the freshwater species group. The total number of inspection cases for eight pathogens in this study were 2,105 and disqualification cases were 30 by detection of aquatic animals pathogens such as koi herpesvirus (KHV), red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV).

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2019

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) is a member of the Megalocytivirus genus that causes severe mortality to rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) with characteristic clinical signs of spleen enlargement. In this study, we assessed spleen size and RBIV copy number patterns in RBIV-infected rock bream to determine lethal and safe levels of virus copy number/spleen index that may define disease progress. We found that rock bream infected with RBIV ($1.1{\times}10^7virus\;copy\;number/100{\mu}l$) and held at 29, 26, 23 or $20^{\circ}C$ exhibited significantly higher levels of spleen size compared to $17^{\circ}C$. In dead condition (100% mortality at $20{\sim}29^{\circ}C$), the spleen index ($spleen\;weight/fish\;weight{\times}100$) and virus copy number were 3.00~5.38 and $10^6{\sim}10^8/{\mu}l$, respectively. Conversely, in survived condition (0% mortality at $17^{\circ}C$), spleen index and virus copy number was as low as not-infected control ($0.34{\sim}1.22/10^0{\sim}10^1/{\mu}l$, respectively). These findings suggest that spleen index can be an indicator of disease severity of RBIV disease.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.225-231
• /
• 2014

In this study we aim to extensively investigate the anti-influenza virus immune responses in human pharyngeal epithelial cell line (Hep-2) and evaluate the protective role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in seasonal influenza A H1N1 (sH1N1) infections in vitro. We first investigated the expression of the TLRs and cytokines genes in resting and sH1N1 infected Hep-2 cells. Clear expressions of TLR3, TLR9, interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interferon (IFN)-${\beta}$ were detected in resting Hep-2 cells. After sH1N1 infection, a ten-fold of TLR3 and TLR9 were elicited. Concomitant with the TLRs activation, transcriptional expression of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\beta}$ were significantly induced in sH1N1-infected cells. Pre-treatment of cells with poly I:C (an analog of viral double-stranded RNA) and CpG-ODN (a CpG-motif containing oligodeoxydinucleotide) resulted in a strong reduction of viral and cytokines mRNA expression. The results presented indicated the innate immune response activation in Hep-2 cells and affirm the antiviral role of Poly I:C and CpG-ODN in the protection against seasonal influenza A viruses.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.704-713
• /
• 2014

The highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype infect poultry and have also been spreading to humans. Although new antiviral drugs and vaccinations can be effective, rapid detection would be more efficient to control the outbreak of infections. In this study, a phage-display library was applied to select antibody fragments for HPAI strain A/Hubei/1/2010. As a result, three clones were selected and sequenced. A hemagglutinin inhibition assay of the three scFvs revealed that none exhibited hemagglutination inhibition activity towards the H5N1 virus, yet they showed a higher binding affinity for several HPAI H5N1 strains compared with other influenza viruses. An ELISA confirmed that the HA protein was the target of the scFvs, and the results of a protein structure simulation showed that all the selected scFvs bound to the HA2 subunit of the HA protein. In conclusion, the three selected scFVs could be useful for developing a specific detection tool for the surveillance of HPAI epidemic strains.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.42.1-42.6
• /
• 2023

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the most important emerging transboundary diseases. Recently, LSD has emerged in many countries in the northern hemisphere. The LSD virus has a huge genome and is highly resistant to environmental conditions. The virus is also host-specific and large ruminants, such as cattle and domestic water buffalo, are particularly susceptible. In addition, wild ruminants can serve as potential reservoirs for spreading the LSD virus. The emergence might be related to climate change in various regions because LSD is an arthropod-borne infectious disease. This disease causes enormous economic losses, such as leather damage, decreased milk production, abortion, and death in infected ruminants. The economic importance of LSD in the bovine industry has forced countries to develop and implement control strategies against the disease. With the recent global spread and the economic impact, LSD will be discussed intensively. In addition, effective preventive measures are suggested based on the presence or absence of LSD outbreaks.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.80.1-80.13
• /
• 2020

Background: In suckling piglets, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes lethal diarrhea accompanied by high infection and mortality rates, leading to considerable economic losses. This study explored methods of preventing or inhibiting their production. Bovine antimicrobial peptide-13 (APB-13) has antibacterial, antiviral, and immune functions. Objectives: This study analyzed the efficacy of APB-13 against TGEV through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods: The effects of APB-13 toxicity and virus inhibition rate on swine testicular (ST) cells were detected using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The impact of APB-13 on virus replication was examined through the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀). The mRNA and protein levels were investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot (WB). Tissue sections were used to detect intestinal morphological development. Results: The safe and effective concentration range of APB-13 on ST cells ranged from 0 to 62.5 ㎍/mL, and the highest viral inhibitory rate of APB-13 was 74.1%. The log₁₀TCID₅₀ of 62.5 ㎍/mL APB-13 was 3.63 lower than that of the virus control. The mRNA and protein expression at 62.5 ㎍/mL APB-13 was significantly lower than that of the virus control at 24 hpi. Piglets in the APB-13 group showed significantly lower viral shedding than that in the virus control group, and the pathological tissue sections of the jejunum morphology revealed significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: APB-13 exhibited good antiviral effects on TGEV in vivo and in vitro.