• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.248-274
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• 2015

This study discusses a contract to promote collection and recycling of used products in a green supply chain (GSC). A collection incentive contract is combined with a reward-penalty contract. The collection incentive contract for used products is made between a retailer and a manufacturer. The reward-penalty contract for recycling used products is made between a manufacturer and an external institution. A retailer pays an incentive for collecting used products from customers and delivers them to a manufacturer with a product order quantity under uncertainty in product demand. A manufacturer remanufactures products using recyclable parts with acceptable quality levels and covers a part of the retailer's incentive from the recycled parts by sharing the reward from an external institution. Product demand information is assumed as (i) the distribution is known (ii) mean and variance are known. Besides, the optimal decisions for product quantity, collection incentive of used products and lower limit of quality level for recyclable parts under decentralized integrated GSCs. The analysis numerically investigates how (1) contract for recycling activity, (ii) product demand information and (iii) quality of recyclable parts affect the optimal operation for each GSC. Supply chain coordination to shift IGSC is discussed by adopting Nash Bargaining solution.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.317-329
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• 2013

In recent years, for the purpose of solving the problem regarding environment protection and resource saving, certain measures and policies have been promoted to establish a green supply chains (GSC) with material flows from collection of used products to reuse of recycled parts in production of products. In this study, we propose an optimal operation of the GSC while considering the collection incentive of the used products and quality for recycling of used products. Two types of decision-making approaches are used for product quantity, collection incentive of used products and lower limit of quality level of reusable parts in the used products for recycling in the GSC. One is the decision-making under an independent policy in decentralized supply chains where a retailer and a manufacturer make decisions so as to maximize profits individually. The other is the decision-making under a cooperative policy in centralized supply chains where a retailer and a manufacturer make decisions cooperatively so as to maximize the whole system's profit. Additionally, we also discuss supply chain coordination as a manufacturer-retailer partnership based on profit sharing. Furthermore, we show the effect of the quality of the reusable parts on the optimal decisions. The collection incentive of the used products was found to bring more profitability to the GSC activity.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.129-147
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• 2014

This study proposes an optimal operational policy for a green supply chain (GSC) where a retailer pays an incentive for collection of used products from customers and determines the optimal order quantity of a single product under uncertainty in product demand. A manufacturer produces the optimal order quantity of product using recyclable parts with acceptable quality levels and covers a part of the retailer's incentive from the recycled parts. Here, two scenarios for the product demand are assumed as: the distribution of product demand is known, and only both mean and variance are known. This paper develops mathematical models to find how order quantity, collection incentive of used products and lower limit of quality level for recycling affect the expected profits of each member and the whole supply chain under both a decentralized GSC (DGSC) and an integrated GSC (IGSC). The analysis numerically compares the results under DGSC with those under IGSC for each scenario of product demand. Also, the effect of the quality of the recyclable parts on the optimal decisions is shown. Moreover, supply chain coordination to shift the optimal decisions of IGSC is discussed based on: I) profit ratio, II) Nash bargaining solution, and III) Combination of (I) and (II).

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.22-43
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• 2017

It is urgently-needed to construct a green supply chain (GSC) from collection of used products through recycling of them to sales of products using the recycled parts. Besides, it is necessary to consider the uncertainty in product demand as a risk in a GSC. This study proposes the optimal operations for a GSC with a retailer and a manufacturer. A retailer pays an incentive for collection of used products from customers and sells a single type of products in a market. A manufacturer produces the products ordered by the retailer, using recyclable parts with acceptable quality and compensates the collection cost of used products as to the recycled parts. This paper discusses the following risk attitudes: risk-neutral attitude, risk-averse attitude, and risk-prone attitude. Using mean-variance analysis, the optimal decisions for product order quantity, collection incentive, and lower limit of quality level, in the decentralized GSC (DGSC) and the integrated GSC (IGSC) are made. DGSC optimizes the utility function of each member. IGSC does that of the whole system. The analysis numerically investigates how (i) risk attitude and (ii) quality of recyclable parts affect the optimal operations. Supply chain coordination between GSC members to shift IGSC from DGSC is discussed.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.383-397
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• 2014

Reverse logistics network design issues have been popularly discussed in recent years. However, few papers in the past literature have been dedicated to incentive effect on return quantity of used products. The purpose of this study is to formulate a dynamic nonlinear programming model of reverse logistics network design with the aim of managing the used products allocation by coordinating the collection centers and recovery facilities to warrant economic efficiency. In the optimization model, a fuzzy approach is applied to interpret the relationship between the rate of return and the suggested incentives. Due to funding constraints in setting up the collection centers, this work considers these centers as multi-capacity levels, which can be opened or closed at different periods. In view of the fact that the problem is known as NP-hard, we propose a heuristic method based on tabu search procedure to solve the presented model. Finally, several dominance properties of optimal solutions are demonstrated in comparison with the results of a state-of-the-art commercial solver.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

이 논문은 폐기물의 전략적 원류관리와 재활용률 향상에 기여하는 것이 목적이며 이를 위한 기술정보의 분석 도출과 개선방안 제시에 중점을 둔다. 특히 인센티브 기반의 폐기물 재활용 시스템, RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)를 이용한 폐기물 자동수거 관리시스템, 폐기물 정보관리시스템 중심으로 관련기술동향과 국내외 특허, 해외연구사례를 분석한다. 논문은 기술, 정책, 연구동향, 검토분석, 결론으로 구성된다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.51-75
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• 2003

The objective of this study is to analyze the problems of disposal and collection, including administrative management of agricultural PE waste and suggest effective management measurements. Information regarding problems of agricultural PE waste management were collected from field survey of farmers, regional governments and officials. On the national level, the low ratio of collection for optimal treatment of agricultural PE waste is a critical problem. , the negative discharging behavior of farmers, an illegal incineration and landfill of farmers and a lack of education and extension etc. An ambiguity of the management principle to agricultural PE waste, the differences in management among the regional governments, a lack of will of the regional governments and officials to realize SARD and lack of education and extension etc. are some of the problems in administrative management of agricultural PE waste collection. The major suggestions of this study are as follows : (1) to strengthen education and extension, (2) to adopt an improved economic incentive system and strong, lawful regulation simultaneously, (3) to use temporang collection and permanent collection site, and (4) to organize "OTC(Optimal Treatment Conference)" composed of farmers, regional cooperative, PE producers etc. for operating an effective management system.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2009

In order to attract more transshipment cargoes, Busan Port Authority (BPA) has, since 2003, adopted the volume incentive policy by which more than US$ 10 million annually have been paid back to shipping lines that were called at the port. However, having been a transshipment port for the Northeast region of China, the port of Busan has come under threat from bold Chinese port development projects, notably Shanghai, as northern Chinese regionnl ports place more emphasis on building facilities capable of handling growing trade volumes. Undoubtedly this would lead to a decline in transshipment container traffic moved via Busan. The purpose of this paper is to identify some core factors that have been affecting the increase of transshipment cargoes of Busan and further to recommend BPA an improved incentive scheme with which more T/S cargoes can be attracted into the port of Busan To clarity the reason why T/S cargoes have increased in the port of Busan, several steps are made as follows: The first step is to make a quantitative model for explaining the development of T/S cargoes during the last decade. The second step is to define the dependent and the independent variables for multiple regressions after testing variable significance. For this, data collection and the accuracy of validation have been done by the direct interview with the experienced staffs in shipping companies of both domestic and foreign country. After validating the model with collected data, the final step is to find variables which are explaining the model mostly. In conclusion, 2 variables were clearly identified as core factors that explain well the development of T/S cargoes in the port of Busan: 'Mohring effect' and total cost. It is strongly recommended, by an empirical study, that an incentive scheme be changed to a way which more feeder vessels rather than mother vessels can reduce their direct costs to call in the port of Busan.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2000

With the increase of using Internet in clothing shopping, the gathering of customer information based on online research is emphasized. The purposes of this paper summarized the several aspects of on-line research as new data collection methods and investigate some characteristics through reviewing extant literature on online research. We explored a conceptual model of response behavior for the purpose of the literature in a manner which enhance a deeper understanding of online response behavior. This model was focused on exchange paradigm instead of a "help-the-sponsor" approach. The proposed conceptual framework included questionnaire design, response incentive, commitment, convenience, expertise, response behavior (satisfaction and attitude), and online research performance.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2017

최근 전 세계 기온상승, 해양에서 오염물질 배출 규제 강화 등을 고려할 때 운항선도 연료 절감을 의무적으로 이행해야 한다. 항내에서 오염물질 배출에 대한 IMO 국제기준 및 EU 각국의 제한기준이 강화되고 있다. 따라서 선사와 조선업계에서는 $CO_2$, SOx, 및 NOx 배출을 저감하는 방안에 대하여 모색하고 있다. 지속적인 무역 증가와는 반비례하여 해상운송에 사용되는 연료량은 줄어드는 경향이 있다. 하지만 국제해운 회의소는 2050년까지 해운으로부터 배출되는 이산화탄소를 50% 감축한다는 목표를 설정하였다. 또한 2015년 신기후변화협약이라 불리는 파리 기후협약과 관련하여 IMO는 운항 선박으로부터 온실가스 배출 감축 목표를 설정하기로 제안하였다. 국제 해운수송에서 배출되는 온실가스 배출 감축 목표를 설정하기 위해 연료 데이터수집시스템이 도입될 예정이다. 운항선 연료절감 강제화 추세에 따라 선박으로부터 효과적인 연료 사용 감축을 유도하기 위해, 이 논문에서는 연간 운항 결과를 EEOI로 검증한 후 탄소배출권 거래제 및 탄소세에 기반 한 격려금과 벌과금 부여 제도의 운영과 이에 적용할 기초 식을 제안하였다.