• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.303-318
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• 2003

This paper attempts to investigate the tonal implementations of English stress clash, arguing that a preceding stress shifts leftward when two lexical stresses conflict across word boundaries or that H* and L* pitch accents are alternatively manifested on the stressed syllables, establishing intonational peak and valley contours. We claim that the H*/L* alternation might be a tonal strategy to avoid stress clash, and that pitch could be solely manipulated to display a rhythmic effect with maintaining lexical stress. In the experiment, we examined two-word combinations whose boundaries involve stress clash, and divided them into two categories. One has the preceding words involving a heavy syllable ahead of stress to guarantee the place for a shifting stress and the other, a light syllable, in which case stress shift is completely prevented. We analyzed the distribution of pitch accents in the word combinations, focusing on the pitch configurations in the cases where stress should not be shifted. Results show that approximately 50% of the stimuli show stress shift in the heavy syllable combinations of the preceding words; the preceding stress is moved leftward within the word. The other 50% and the light syllable combinations show various pitch accents patterns; H* and L* alternation, deaccentuation of either stressed syllable, or L-insertion between two H* pitch accents, etc. We interpret this as a rhythmic effect of tone to avoid stress clash and suggest that a true stress clash would be confined into cases without H*/L* contours.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.299-314
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• 2012

One of reasons for introducing Building Information Modeling (BIM) is to support clash detection tasks by means of a 3D product model. In the conventional construction project process, clashes have been found during construction phase. However, it can cause cost overrun and time delay. In order to investigate and correct clash detections at design phase, relevant business process and guide for this task should be provided. This study aims to identify hindrances in clash detection tasks at the design phase and analyze its current process using IDEF0 model. Despite the convenience of IDEF0 as a systems analysis tool, professional participants might have difficulties to understand their own tasks according to business process. For this reason, in this research, Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is introduced to provide ideal process and required decision making governance. The provide BPMN model will provide insights for a BIM-based collaborative environment to enhance the constructability through the construction project.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.327-357
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• 2023

Adopting the Tools of Liberalism and Clash of Civilizations theories of international relations, this study examines the perceptions of 25,406 Arabs in 11 Arab countries as expressed in an Arab Barometer survey exploring their perceptions of violence against the United States (US), American citizens as "good," President Donald Trump's foreign policy in the Middle East, increasing economic relations with the US, and welcoming American foreign aid. As aspects of the Clash of Civilizations theory, this study examines religiosity, religious ritual practices, and political Islam and, as aspects of liberalism, this study explores the roles of online media as well as perceptions about US foreign aid in the prediction of the criterion variables. The findings suggest that religious indicators, and aspects of the Clash of Civilizations generally, were negative predictors of the perceptions, while social media and motivations for US foreign aid as aspects of liberalism, positively predicted the perceptions. The study discusses the results in relation to implications for policy makers.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.22-35
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• 2015

As BIM in the construction industry has been activated, the building information reliability - design quality is getting important. Meanwhile, it is still difficult to reflect the quality control experience to the modelling since the current methods are strongly rely on a certain BIM tools or systems with formal logics and limited information for quality checking. Therefore, the checking results may contain a lot of issues unrelated or unnecessary to the BIM qualities. In order to overcome this problem, we firstly performed clash check using a conventional checking tool and secondly interpret the results by an Expert System to filter out more meaningful results. We found this study gave a confirmation that it is possible to improve clash quality control when we link the expert experience to the rule-based automatic checking system.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.17-21
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of waste tire chip on the growth and nutrient content of Cymbidium Pine Clash 'Moon Venus'. There were no significant differences between bark only medium and mixed medium in leaf and stem growth. But in both medium and large size chip only, the leaf and stem growth decreased remarkably. The total number of roots, new roots and root length had similar tendency as in leaf and stem growth. In medium and large tire chip only, the decayed roots increased. There were no significant differences between bark only medium and mixed medium in total sugar, starch, content of chrolophyll, N, P and K, but decreased significantly in both medium and large size chip only.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.95-109
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• 2004

Metrical Phonology has asserted that stress shift does not occur in English compounds because it violates the Continuous Column Constraint. Noun phrases, on the other hand, freely allow for stress shift, whereby the preceding stress moves forward to the preceding heavy syllable. This paper hypothesizes that stress does not shift in compounds as opposed to noun phrases and compares their pitch accentual patterns in a phonetic experiment. More specifically, we examined two-word combinations, noun phrases and compounds, whose boundaries involve stress clash and assured that the preceding words involve a heavy syllable ahead of the stress to guarantee the place for a shifting stress. Depending on where the preceding pitch accent is aligned, stress shift is determined. Results show that stress shift occurs in approximately 47% of the noun phrases and 59% of the compounds; therefore, the hypothesis is not borne out. This suggests that the surface representations derived by phonological rules may not be implemented in real utterance but that phonetic forms may be determined by the phonetic constraints. directly operating on human speech.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.137-167
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• 2015

Based on the stakeholder theory, this paper analyzes a clash of standards in Korea's Electric Vehicle(EV) market, particularly between an EV charging standard and a smart grid communication standard in 2012~2013. For charging, EV is connected with the electric power grid and simultaneously exchanges data regarding the charging status. When EV is connected with the power grid, a clash between two standards may arise. It actually happened when BMW entered into the Korean EV market with the DC Combo charging system. In that course, the frequency interference occurred between the EV data communication technology adopted by BMW and the AMI(Advanced Metering Infrastructure) for the smart grid system in Korea. Standardization of Korea's EV charging systems was required to solve this problem. However, it had been delayed due to the confrontation between various stakeholders involved in the process of standardization. It lasted until the DC combo was accepted as one of the Korea EV charging standards(KSAE SAE 1772-2040, 2014.1) by KSAE(The Korea Society of Automotive Engineers) in January 2014. This is an interesting case in the age of convergence. As it deals with the standard competition not among EV standards, but a clash between the EV industry and the smart grid, i.e. electric power industry, it addresses the necessity to consider standardization processes between different industries. This study draws on the stakeholder theory to analyse the dynamics of the standard clash between EV charging systems and the smart grid system, which is a unique example of standard clash between different industries. We expect such clashes to increase in the age of convergence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2018.07a
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• pp.112-115
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• 2018

PvP 게임에서의 밸런스는 재미있는 게임을 만들고자 하는 많은 개발사들의 지속적인 관심사였다. 또한 게임의 성공과 안정적인 운영을 위해서 밸런스가 중요하다는 인식이 생겨나면서 그 중요성은 날로 높아지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 글로벌 버전 출시 직후 131개국에서 매출 1위를 달성하고, 양대 마켓에서 '올해의 게임'으로 꼽히며 선풍적인 인기를 얻었던 클래시 로얄을 통해 PvP 게임 밸런스 방법에 대해서 살펴보고 안정적인 게임 밸런스를 위한 방안을 제안한다.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.40-41
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of growth retardant uniconazole on the growth and flowering of Cymbidium Pine Clash 'Moon Venus' and Cym. Green Sour 'A One'. Reduction in leaf length of both cultivars was proportional to the amount (0-5g) of uniconazole and growth reduction of 'A One' was more remarkable than 'Moon Venus'. The inflorescence length was reduced 18.4% in 'Moon Venus' and 15.3% in 'A One' by 5g treatment of uniconazole. There was no significant difference in flowering time, number of inflorescences and florets and size of lower sepal regardless of uniconazole treatment. It was concluded that uniconazole treatment is effective in reducing the leaf growth of Cymbidium. However, as high concentration (5g) of uniconazole reduced the growth of inflorescence causing low quality, 1g was recommended as useful concentration.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.344-345
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a growth retardant uniconazole treatment time on the growth and flowering of Cymbidium Pine Clash 'Moon Venus' and Cym. Green Sour 'A One' in order to develop a substitutional technique on the highland cultivation. Leaf growth of both cultivars was more remarkably reduced by earlier uniconazole treatment time and growth reduction of 'A One' was more remarkable than 'Moon Venus'. Flowering time of 'Moon Venus' treated with uniconazole at May 7 and 27 was accelerated by 5 and 6 days respectively. Moreover, the number of inflorescences and florets showed a tendency to increase. However there was no difference in flowering time of 'A One' among treatments but there was a tendency to decrease in the number of inflorescences and florets by uniconazole treatment. In both cultivars, there was no difference among treatments in the length and width of lower sepal which represent the floret size.