• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

Objectives : To observe the effect of 4 kinds of Korean medicine and complex extracts on the anti-stress of chronic mild stress Rat model, so as to find out the machanism of its pharmacological effects. Methods : 64 healthy SD Rats were randomly divided into 8 groups. Model Design by chronic stress(CSM), and carried out the forced swimming test. We investigated the body weight, feed and water intake, feed conversion ratio and measured parameters to changes in swimming time, immobility time, 2 and 24 hours of feces, corticosterone hormone and blood glucose level. Results : In this experiments, body weight gain and feed intake were higher in all korean medicinal herb group. Swimming time were increased by Zizyphus jujuba and Gagamsanzointang(SZT) groups and immobility time was significantly lower by Zizyphus jujuba and Fluoxetine(FLX) groups. The result of corticosterone hormone level were significantly lower in Fluoxetine(FLX) and Gagamsanzointang(SZT) but blood glucose was not significantly difference. In 2 hours after fecal frequency result were significantly lower in Zizyphus jujuba group. but SZT group were increased. This result caused by acute stress but 24 hours of feces were restored to normal. Conclusions : 5 kind of Korean Medicinal Herbs extracts has good anti-stress effects, and also to clear the circulatory system and regulate blood glucose and improve bowel function. We suggest that use a single Korean medicine rather than the combination to relieve stress.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

Objectives : Chronic mild stress (CMS) model is currently recognized as a better animal model of depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of the Nelumbo nucifera leave extract using CMS model. Methods : The antidepressant-like effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract was determined by using animal models of depression. Male ICR mice were divided into four groups: saline-treated normal, without CMS; saline-treated stress control; CMS+ Imipramine(20mg/kg); CMS+Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract(200mg/kg). All mice except the normal group exposed an unpredicted sequence of chronic mild stressors for 5 weeks. The behavior of mice were detected by sucrose preference test, forced swim test and tail suspension test. Then concentration of corticosterone in serum was detected by enzyme immunoassay. Results : Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract administration by daily gavage from the 3rd week exhibited an antidepressant-like effect on CMS-induced depression in mice. Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract administration at dose of 200 mg/kg significantly increased the sucrose consumption, and decreased the immobility durations in forced swim test and tail suspension test. Furthermore the corticosterone level decreased than control group. Conclusions : Chronic mild stress can affect mouse behavior and corticosterone level and cause depression. The present experiments not only further confirm the antidepressant-like effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract in the sucrose preference test, forced swimming test and tail suspension test, but also the improving effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract on the depression-like symptoms in the CMS model. Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract has the antagonism on CMS and produce antidepressive effects.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 2016

Cytisine (CYT), a partial agonist of ${\alpha}4{\beta}2-nicotinic$ receptors, has been used for antidepressant efficacy in several tests. Nicotinic receptors have been shown to be closely associated with depression. However, little is known about the effects of CYT on the depression. In the present study, a mouse model of depression, the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS), was used to evaluate the activities of CYT. UCMS caused significant depression-like behaviors, as shown by the decrease of total distances in open field test, and the prolonged duration of immobility in tail suspension test and forced swimming test. Treatment with CYT for two weeks notably relieved the depression-like behaviors in the UCMS mice. Next, proteins related to depressive disorder in the brain region of hippocampus and amygdala were analyzed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of CYT. CYT significantly reversed the decreases of 5-HT1A, BDNF, and mTOR levels in the hippocampus and amygdala. These results imply that CYT may act as a potential anti-depressant in the animals under chronic stress.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2019

Chronic and unpredictable stress can disrupt the female reproductive system by suppression for secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophin, resulted in ovarian malfunction and infertility. In the recent days, kisspeptin has been highly highlighted as a hypothalamic peptide which directly stimulates synthesis and release for GnRH. However, in spite of the key role of kisspeptin in the female reproductive system, little information is still available on the changes of its expression during ovarian cycle under stressed condition. Therefore, we induced chronic and unpredictable stress series to the female mice to analyze kisspeptin expression in the brain and ovary. Stressed mice exhibited changes of behavior and body weight gain during the stress assessment, which suggested that the present stress model in mice was successfully established. In the brain level, kisspeptin expression was attenuated than control. In the ovary level, the stressed mice displayed irregularly shrunk oocytes with broken zona pellucida throughout the follicle stages, pyknotic granulosa cells, decreased number of developing follicles and increased number of atretic follicles than the control. In case of kisspeptin expression in the whole ovary tissue, the expression level was decreased in the stressed mice. In detail, the less intensity of kisspeptin expression in the antral follicles phase was observed in the stressed mice than control mice, indicating that local function of kisspeptin during ovary cycle is highly associated with development of ovarian follicles. We expect that the present study has important implications for the fields of reproductive biology.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.129-140
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• 2001

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Punsimgi-eum(fenxingi-yin) in rat model of depression induced by chronic mild stress (CMS). Methods : The change of the consumption of sucrose solution was measured, and the open field test and passive avoidance conditioning test were performed to investigate the anti-depressive effect of Punsimgi-eum(fenxingi-yin). Results : The results were as follows; I. The consumption of sucrose solution was significantly reversed in the test group at 5, 7 and 8 weeks, but there was no significant change in the control group. 2. There was no significant change of body weight after 8 weeks in each group 3. In the open field test, there was significant increase of exploratory activity in the test group. 4. In the passive avoidance test, the test group showed differences in the maintenance of retention from the control group at the 2-week training-testing interval. Conclusions : The present results suggest that Punsimgi-eum(fenxingi-yin) has an anti-depressive effect.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.76-84
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• 2016

Objectives: We evaluated the anti-fatigue effects of Rh2-enriched Korean ginseng (Ginseng Rh2+) using a forced exercise-induced chronic fatigue mouse model. Methods: ICR male mice were subjected to running wheel for 1 h, 5 days/week during 4 weeks, and running velocity was gradually increased. Each running session was followed by oral administration of distilled water, Ginseng Rh2+ (150 or 300 mg/kg), or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, 100 mg/kg) 1 h later. The exercise tolerance and forced swimming test were performed to evaluate the fatigue condition. Results: Chronic forced exercise reduced the physical activity, as evidenced by the behavioral tests, which were notably ameliorated by Ginseng Rh2+ treatment. Ginseng Rh2+ treatment also attenuated the alterations of energy metabolism and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle tissues and/or sera, including malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate concentration and its related factors (lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose levels). Conclusion: These findings strongly suggest that Ginseng Rh2+ exerts a potent anti-fatigue effect through modulation of energy metabolism and oxidative response.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.453-459
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• 2014

Chronic mild stress (CMS) has been reported to induce an anhedonic-like state in mice that resembles some of the symptoms of human depression. In the present study, we used a chronic mild stress animal model of depression and anxiety to examine the responses of two strains of mice that have different behavioral responsiveness. An outbred ICR and an inbred C57BL/6 strain of mice were selected because they are widely used strains in behavioral tests. The results showed that the inbred C57BL/6 and outbred ICR mice were similarly responsive to CMS treatment in sucrose intake test (SIT) and open field test (OFT). However, the two strains showed quite different responses in forced swimming test (FST) and novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF) test after 3 weeks of CMS treatment. Only C57BL/6 mice displayed the depression- and anxiety-like behavioral effects in response to CMS treatment in FST and NSF test. Our results suggest that there are differences in responsiveness to CMS according to the different types of strain of mice and behavioral tests. Therefore, these results provide useful information for the selection of appropriate behavioral methods to test depression- and anxiety-like behaviors using CMS in ICR and C57BL/6 mice.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1188-1197
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• 2019

Exposure to stress can lead to sympathetic hyperactivity, which include a systemic disease with lesions in a broad spectrum of organs and a psychiatric condition. The purpose aimed to evaluate the effect of the korea ginger essential oil on stress hormone and brain tissue response in chronic mild stress-induced rats model of sympathetic hyperactivity. Evaluation method carried out cytotoxicity assessment and component analysis, what observe the effects based on serum biomarker and histopathological analysis of brain tissue. As this time, the korea ginger essential oil was treatment at doses of 100 nl/㎖ for 2 weeks after make a chronic mild stress-induced rats model of sympathetic hyperactivity. As a result, the korea ginger essential oil was not toxic at less than 100 nl/㎖, contents of 6-gingerol was 345 ppm. Compared to the control rats, the korea ginger essential oil treatments significantly reduced the serum concentrations of stress hormone (i.e., ACTH, corticosterone, melatonin). Furthermore, The korea ginger essential oil treatments effectively preserved the TH-immune response was occasionally interrupted in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The results indicate that the korea ginger essential oil improved sympathetic hyperactivity. Thus, the korea ginger may be a novel material of aroma oils for the management of sympathetic hyperactivity.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.287-302
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• 2017

Objectives: To evaluate effects of Resina Dendropanacis Morbiferus (RDM) on stress and sleep hormones when administered to Chronic Mild Stressed (CMS) rats. Methods: Twenty-five healthy rats were randomly divided into 5 groups; Normal, CMS (Control), Resina Dendropanacis Mobiferus 50 mg/kg (RDM 50), 100 mg/kg (RDM 100), and 200 mg/kg (RDM 200). All rats except the normal group were exposed to unpredicted stress conditions such as water deprivation, empty bottles, forced thread mill, etc. according to timetable of CMS for 3 weeks. After a week starting experiments, rats in RDM 50, RDM 100, and RDM 200 groups were fed orally once a day for 2 weeks. Afterward, blood samples were taken from rats to analyze complete blood count, AST, ALT, and glucose. Noradrenalin, GABA and Melatonin were measured by ELISA kit. BDNF, CREB and TrkB were measured by RT-PCT. Results: 1. In Noradrenalin content, RDM 100 and RDM 200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. 2. In GABA content, RDM 50 and RDM 100 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. 3. In Melatonin content, RDM 100 and 200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. 4. In Activity of BDNF, RDM 100 and 200 groups revealed significant increase compared to the control group. 5. In Activity of CREB and TrkB, RDM 100 group revealed significant increase compared to the control group. 6. In Erythrocyte and Thrombocyte changes, red blood cells and hematocrit significantly increased in RDM 50 and RDM 200 groups than the control group. Hemoglobin and platelet significantly increased in all experimental groups and the control group. 7. In Weight gain content, all RDM groups revealed insignificant increase compared to the control group. 8. In Glucose content, RDM 50, RDM 100, and RDM 200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. Conclusions: Results suggest that RDM have effects on stress and sleep hormones when administered to Chronic Mild Stressed (CMS) rats.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2015

Purpose: Stress, depending on its intensity and duration, results in either adaptive or maladaptive physiological and psychological changes in humans. Also, it was found that stressful experiences increase the signs of behavioral despair in rodents. On the other hand, exercise and melatonin treatment is believed to have many beneficial effects on health. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the anti-depressant effects of physical activity and melatonin against chronic stress-induced depression in rats. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats(200-250g, 7 weeks of age) were subjected to depression induced by chronic stress. Chronic depression was induced with forced-swim stress (FSS) and repeated change of light-dark cycle for 4 weeks. In the last 2 weeks, some rats were confined in a cage enriched with a running wheel, seesaw and chewed a ball from 19:00 to 07:00 every day. Melatonin was injected intra-peritoneally (I.P), and the rats received intraperitoneal injections of melatonin (15 mg/kg). The Forced Swim Test (FST) was performed to evaluate the immobility behaviors of rats for a 5 min test. Results: It was found that, the immobility time in FST was significantly (p<.05) lower in physical exercise ($M=58.83{\pm}22.73$) and melatonin ($M=67.33{\pm}37.73$) than in depressive rats ($M=145.93{\pm}63.16$) without physical activity. Also, TPH positive cell in dorsal raphe was significantly (p<.05) higher in exercise ($M=457.38{\pm}103.21$) and melatonin ($M=425.38{\pm}111.56$) than in depressive rats ($M=258.25{\pm}89.13$). Conclusion: This study suggests that physical activity and melatonin produces antidepressant-like effect on stress-induced depression in rats. So, physical exercise and melatonin may be a good intervention in depression patients.