• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.781-789
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• 2010

In the GPS/INS integrated system fault detection, algorithm based on a chi-square distribution is commonly used. In this paper, it has been proposed simplified GPS/INS fault detection algorithm that is combined conventional RAIM (Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitor) and algorithm based on chi-square distribution for UAV using row-grade processor. It use a fault model to verify the proposed algorithm and produced the result.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.155-167
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• 1999

The present study investigated various sales training programs used by apparel companies and compared each other in order to provide an important information for developing effective training programs for professional salesperson. Sixty eight companies were used and grouped into four categories based on brand characteristics : domestic national brand(DNB), casual brand(CB), foreign brand(FB) and domestic designer brand(DDB). Data were collected from the managers in charge or training salesperson by both questionnaires and personal and telephone interviews. Data were collected during July in 1998, and analyzed by using ANOVA, Duncan\`s multiple range test, and Chi-square test. Since the sample size was small, Yates\` correction formula was used to maximize statistical validity in non-parametric procedure of Chi-square test. The main purpose of sales training indicated by the companies were to satisfy customers and to maximize the profit. Significant differences were found among the groups in the importance level of training contents such as knowledge, and customer relation, training methods, place, and duration/frequency of training at training center.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

Steganography conceals the fact that hidden message is being sent on the internet. Steganalysis can be detected the abrupt changes in the statistics of a stego-data. After message embedding, I have analyzed for the statistical significance of the fact the occurrence of differences among the four-neighboring pixels. In this case, when a embedding messages within a images is small, use EC value and chi-square test to determine whether a distribution in an images matches a distribution that shows distortion from stego-data.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.327-334
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• 2012

Purpose: The color changes in red pepper during far infrared drying were studied in order to establish a color change model. Methods: The far infrared drying experiments of red pepper were conducted at two temperature levels of 60, $70^{\circ}C$ and two air velocity levels of 0.6 and 0.8 m/s. The results were compared with the hot-air drying method. The surface color changes parameters of red pepper were measured qualitatively based on L (lightness), a (redness), b (yellowness) and total color changes (${\Delta}E$). The goodness of fit of model was estimated using the coefficient of determination ($R^2$), the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean relative percent error (P) and the reduced chi-square (${\chi}^2$). Results: The results show that an increase in drying temperature and air velocity resulted in a decrease in drying time, the values of L (lightness) and a (redness) decreased with drying time during far infrared drying. The developed model showed higher $R^2$ values and lower RMSE, P and ${\chi}^2$ values. Conclusions: The model in this study could be beneficial to describe the color changes of red pepper by far infrared drying.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.403-414
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• 2005

Most of the currently used spam-filters are based on a Bayesian classification technique, where some serious problems occur such as a limited precision/recall rate and the false positive error. This paper addresses a solution to the problems using a modified Bayesian classifier based on chi-square statistics. The resulting spam-filter is more accurate and flexible than traditional Bayesian spam-filters and can be a personalized one providing some parameters when the filter is teamed from training data.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Tai Chi exercise program (Sun style 12 forms) on anxiety, powerlessness, self-esteem in community-dwelling elderly women. Methods: With a quasi-experimental design, a nonequivalent control group pretest-post test was used. Elderly women who agreed to participate in the study were assigned into an experimental group (n=23), or a control group (n=23). The experimental group participated in Tai Chi exercise program for 50 minutes per session, 2 times a week for 11 weeks. Tai Chi exercise program consisted of 10 minutes for warm-up, 35 minutes for main session, and 5 minutes for cooling down exercises. Anxiety, powerlessness, and self-esteem were measured with questionnaires to evaluate the effect of Tai Chi exercise program. The data were analyzed by using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test by a SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvement for self-esteem (z=-3.130, p=.002), powerlessness(z=-3.267, p=.001), and anxiety (z=-2.932, p=.003) when compared to control group, Conclusions: Tai chi exercise program may be an effective nursing intervention to improve self-esteem and to reduce powerlessness and anxiety in community-dwelling elderly women.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1525-1536
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• 2016

ROTC is the system that selects the best students in university and implements the military training of two years and uses them as beginning commander of the army by commissioning as officers. ROTC makes up a very large portion of the army and society in Korea in terms of the size and role. Therefore, it is very important to enhance intangible combat power of the Korean army by improving leadership of primary grade officer from ROTC. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether or not ROTC candidate training program is providing the right training, so as to improve ROTC's leadership and present improvement plan. First, we divide ROTC candidate training program into three areas and take the 1st and 2nd survey. Then we compare and analyze the actual condition and recognition of investigation using statistical analysis methods such as chi-square test, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. Also, we analyze the element affecting the army leader's three qualities formation which are basic elements of ROTC cadet's leadership using multiple regression analysis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1093-1096
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• 2012

Background: Cervical cancer is common among women worldwide. A multitude of risk factors aggravate the disease. This study was conducted to: (1) determine the prevalence and (2) make a comparative analysis of the socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors of cervical cancer and knowledge, attitude and practice between rural and urban women of North Bengal, India. Study Design: Community-based cross-sectional study. Methods: A survey (first in North Bengal) was conducted among 133 women in a rural area (Kawakhali) and 88 women in an urban slum (Shaktigarh) using predesigned semi-structured questionnaires. The respondents were informed of the causes (including HPV), signs and symptoms, prevention of cervical cancer and treatment, and the procedure of the PAP test and HPV vaccination. Results: The prevalence of risk factors like multiparity, early age of marriage, use of cloth during menstruation, use of condom and OCP, early age of first intercourse was 37.2%, 82%, 83.3%, 5.4%, 15.8% and 65.6% respectively. Awareness about the cause, signs and symptoms, prevention of cervical cancer, PAP test and HPV vaccination was 3.6%, 6.3%, 3.6%, 9.5% and 14.5% respectively. Chi-square testing revealed that in the study population, significant differential at 5% exists between rural and urban residents with respect to number of children, use of cloth/sanitary napkins, family history of cancer and awareness regarding causes of cervical cancer. Regarding KAP, again using chi-square tests, surprisingly, level of education is found to be significant for each element of KAP in urban areas in contrast to complete absence of association between education and elements of KAP in rural areas. Conclusions: A large number of risk factors were present in both areas, the prevalence being higher in the rural areas. The level of awareness and role of education appears to be insignificant determinants in rural compared to urban areas. This pilot study needs to be followed up by large scale programmes to re-orient awareness campaigns, especially in rural areas.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.464-473
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the predictive ability of three mortality scoring systems; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE) III, Simplified Acute Physiology Score(SAPS) II, and Mortality Probability Model(MPM) II in discriminating in-hospital mortality for intensive care unit(ICU) patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: Eighty-nine patients admitted to the ICU at a university hospital in Daejeon Korea were recruited for this study. Medical records of the subject were reviewed by a researcher from January 1, 2003 to March 31, 2004, retrospectively. Data were analyzed using SAS 8.1. General characteristic of the subjects were analyzed for frequency and percentage. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows. The values of the Hosmer-Lemeshow's goodness-of-fit test for the APACHE III, the SAPS II and the MPM II were chi-square H=4.3849 p=0.7345, chi-square H=15.4491 p=0.0307, and chi-square H=0.3356 p=0.8455, respectively. Thus, The calibration of the MPM II found to be the best scoring system, followed by APACHE III. For ROC curve analysis, the areas under the curves of APACHE III, SAPS II, and MPM II were 0.934, 0.918 and 0.813, respectively. Thus, the discrimination of three scoring systems were satisfactory. For two-by-two decision matrices with a decision criterion of 0.5, the correct classification of three scoring systems were good. Conclusion: Both the APACHE III and the MPM II had an excellent power of mortality prediction and discrimination for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patients in ICU.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.245-253
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• 2020

Purpose: This study investigated the prevalence of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders image analysis criteria, assessed the severity of incidental osteoarthritic changes affecting the TMJ, and evaluated the correlations of sex and age with the prevalence and severity of TMJ-OA. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study assessed 145 randomly selected cone-beam computed tomography scans (261 TMJs) from the authors' institutional maxillofacial radiology archive following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The criteria described by Ahmad et al. were used to determine whether each TMJ was affected by OA, and the severity of the osteoarthritic changes was scored for each joint based on the method described by Alexiou et al. The chi-square, McNemar, Bhapkar chi-square, and Stuart-Maxwell chi-square tests were applied to evaluate the significance of the relationships between variables(age and sex). Results: Sixteen TMJs (6.1%) had no OA, 74 (28.6%) were indeterminate for OA, and 171 (65.5%) had OA. Flattening and sclerosis were observed in 86.6% and 12.3% of cases, respectively, while resorption was observed in 7.3% of the joints. Only 21 (8.1%) of the examined TMJs had subchondral cysts. Erosion of the articular eminence was observed in 58 (22.1%) cases, while sclerosis and resorption were found in 68 (25.9%) and 16 (6.1%) TMJs, respectively. Conclusion: Female patients had a higher prevalence and severity of TMJ-OA than male patients. The prevalence and severity of TMJ-OA increased with age, with peaks in the fifth and seventh decades of life.