• 대한지리학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.247-264
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• 1999

In this study, I investigate how city parks have been created, and what are some characteristics of the location and function of 69 city parks in Tokyo. The city parks in Tokyo have been made in three patterns. The first is planned parks which have been created as a urban facilities considering the scales and types. The second is memorial parks which have been made to memorialize the national monumental event or to preserve natural and cultural resources. The third is public property parks which have been made by occurrence of public vacant land which is resulted from the grant of Royal Garden, restoration of public rented ground, producton of reclaimed land, utilization of dry river bed. The city parks can be classified in five patterns according to distance from CBD and park area. The first is central parks which have historical characteristics strongly. The second is planned parks that are specialized functionally. The third is large scale urban edge parks which are located in the edge of 23-Gu(district) in Tokyo. The fourth is hill parks which have natural characteristics strongly. The fifth is waterside parks that are located along a lake, a pond, a river, or artificial waterside facilities. From this study I have found out that a great effort has been made to activate the utilization of parks for residents in Tokyo, through mnagement goals and ways of parks, composition and chatacteristics of park facility resources, various Events, residents participation in undertaking of parks.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

In order to improve the urban thermal environment, efforts are being made to increase green areas in cities that include park construction, planting, and green roofing. Among these efforts, urban parks play an important role not only in improving the urban thermal environment, but also in terms of ecosystem services (serving as resting places for citizens, providing cleaner air quality, reducing noise, etc.). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest planning and management guidelines for urban parks that are effective in improving the thermal environment, by analyzing the urban surface temperature reduction performance of urban parks. To do this, first, land surface temperature was calculated by using Landsat 8 images. Second, the PCI (Park Cool Island) index was calculated to identify the temperature reduction performance of urban parks. Third, the characteristics of parks (area, shape, vegetation) and the surrounding spatial characteristics (land cover, building-related variables, etc.) were identified. Finally, the relationship between the PCI indices (PCI scale, PCI effect, PCI intensity) and the characteristics of the parks and their surroundings were analyzed. The results revealed that the parks consisting of a larger area, simple shape, and higher tree coverage ratio had increased PCI performance, and were advantageous for improving the urban thermal environment. Meanwhile, PCI performance was found to have decreased in areas with a higher impermeable area ratio and building coverage ratio. The outcomes of this study can be used to identify priority areas for planning and management of urban parks and can also be utilized as planning and management guidelines for improving urban thermal environment.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2010

본 연구는 최근 공원관리에 대한 새로운 방법론이 요구됨에 따라 공원유형을 재분류하고, 그에 적합한 관리방식을 제안하고자 하였다. 제안된 공원유형은 공원이용자, 이용시설 및 자원, 관리업무의 난이도에 따라 '산지자연형 공원', '생태목적형 공원', '시설집중형 공원'으로 분류할 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 공무원과 일반시민 등 이용자로 나누어 설문조사를 한 결과, 산지자연형 공원은 주민들이 일상적으로 이용하는 공원으로 전문적인 지식이나 기술을 필요로 하지 않으므로 자치구에서 관리하는 것이 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 생태목적형 공원은 전문성이 요구되는 공원으로 전문성을 가진 민간단체를 지정하는 것이 좋으며, 시설집중형 공원은 복합적인 공간으로한 방식보다는 다양하고 복합적인 관리방식이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권9호
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• pp.751-763
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• 2019

National parks, which are preserved areas of $6,726.298km^2$($3,972.589km^2$ on land and $2,753.709km^2$, at sea), take up 6.71% of the national territory, and they are classified by type into 17 mountain parks, 4 maritime or coastal parks, and 1 historical site park. Of them all, the maritime or coastal national parks, which are preserved areas covering wide tracts of maritime, lately attract increasing numbers of visitors. In this light, this study identifies the issues with the maritime or coastal national parks such as the changes in the number of visitors and the unbalance involved in the budget execution, based on the visitors to the national parks and the specifics of budget executed for them. On this basis, the study has conducted the research with a view to suggesting improvements for more useful management and operation of the maritime or coastal national parks. As a result, the study has reached the following conclusions. First, to accommodate those who want to visit the maritime or coastal national parks, the tour infrastructure needs to be expanded to guide the visitors' use of the facilities by focusing on their touring behavior and characteristics. Second, budget should be acquired through diversifying revenue structure to eliminate hugely unbalanced budget. Third, visitors nowadays come to national parks for recreational experience or to tour nature, but the maritime or coastal national parks focus on cultural facilities. To accommodate the visitors' needs, the parks should get diversified visitor facilities that reflect the regional characteristics.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.69-81
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• 2015

본 연구는 공원이 과거에서부터 시민들에게 꾸준히 혜택을 주고 있는 복지이념 수행의 장이었다는 것을 전제로, 그 실체는 무엇이고 구체적으로 어떻게 그 역할을 수행해 왔는가라는 근본적인 질문에서부터 출발하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 최근 논의되고 있는 복지수단으로서의 공원역할에 대한 이론적 기초를 찾아보고, 공원복지에서 논의되고 있는 이념은 사회복지 이념과의 어떤 차별성을 띠는지 살펴보고자 하였으며, 공원 발달 과정에 있어 공원이 제공하는 복지혜택이 어떻게 변모되어 왔는지를 조망해 보고자 공원의 발전 과정에 따라 시기를 구분하고, 각 시기별 사회적인 상황과 맞물려 공원이 시민들을 대상으로 제공한 복지 기능의 역할 및 형태를 살펴보았다. 또한 시간의 흐름에 따른 공원복지 기능 및 요소의 전개과정에 따라 그 근간이 된 이념의 특성과 전개양상을 찾아보았다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 이제까지 공원이 수행한 공원복지 기능은 크게 세 가지 범주로 나누어 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 치료적(remedial) 기능으로, 이는 '사회적 약자'에 대한 직접적인 원호, 육성, 갱생에 기여하는 직접적 서비스 기능이다. 둘째, 예방적(preventive)기능으로, 이는 개인과 가정, 집단 그리고 지역사회의 기능을 강화하는 것을 목적으로 부여된 공원복지 기능이다. 셋째, 개발적(developmental)기능으로, 이는 공원이 사회발전에 직접적으로 기여하도록 변화촉진체계로 기능함을 말한다. 공원복지 수혜 계층과 수혜 혜택의 질적 측면에서 살펴보면, 첫째, 공원복지 대상이 빈민계층에서 일반국민으로 대상이 넓어졌으며, 공원의 혜택을 받는 실제 이용계층 역시 특수계층에서 일반 대중으로 평준화되고 있다. 둘째, 공원복지의 의미가 자전적 형태에서 인간의 기본적 권리로 이동되었다. 셋째, 공원복지의 목적이 최저조건(minimal condition)을 제공하는 것에서 최적의 조건(optimal condition)을 제공하는 것으로 바뀌고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 공원복지이념은 초창기에는 이념적 특성에만 그치는 자전적 성향이 컸으나, 시간이 흐르며 다양한 사회적 요구와 함께 여러 사회적 이점을 만들면서 적극적인 복지이념을 발현하는 장이 되었다. 더불어 현 세대 공원과 복지는 참여와 삶의 보편적 웰빙을 위한 접점에 놓여 있는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구는 공원 복지이념과 실천이 어떻게 연결되어 왔는지에 대한 고찰과 함께, 복지혜택을 제공하는 측면에서의 공원의 의미와 가치를 제고하고, 이를 통해 앞으로 다양한 공원의 역할, 가치 및 이념을 조망하는 연구의 선례가 될 수 있도록 하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to research and analyze the distribution of night illumination level at urban neighborhood parks and to show its characteristics. And this is used basic data ensuring safety and satisfying aesthetic and psychological desires of people who use urban neighborhood parks at night. To research and analyze the distribution of illumination level at urban neighborhood parks at night. To research and analyze the distribution of illumination level at urban neighborhood parks, I selected 8 urban neighborhood parks as the subject of research in this study, set the measuring standard of illumination level, and measured the illumination level by the measuring standard. The results of this study are as follows; 1. Currently, total average illumination level of urban neighborhood parks was lower than the minimum standard of illumination level I KS A 3011-1993. 2. Average illumination level of each place in urban neighborhood parks appeared variously from low level to high level. But this was lower than the minimum standard illumination level in KS A3011-1993 like total average illumination level. 3. The higher was total average illumination level of urban neighborhood parks, the more various was brightness of places. Although users' aesthetic and mental desire or behavioral aspect relate with safety cannot be found by only survey and analyses of illumination level, it is judged that first, illumination level of the standard of the lightness should be analyzed to find user's mental states and behaviors in external space at night. Therefore, it is considered that this study, which analyzed characteristics illumination level as basic data, has a significance. The study continuing for other illuminative environmental factors suitable in the place is required because the brightness of places may not be measured by only illumination level. And the proper illumination level in outdoor places should be showed in considering psychological and behavioral aspects of human as people may have their own sense of brightness.

• Architectural research
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

This paper try to provide basic insight of the changing functions of urban parks for the future direction of the maintenance and management of the urban parks using the results of the case study done for the city of Osaka, Japan. To accomplish this purpose this study considers the behavior characteristics of the elderly within the parks in Osaka, Japan. Based on the findings of the study authors propose the chaining meaning of urban parks in the users perspective and summarize the results of the study. Study results show high values on the environmental factors of the park, such as the fresh air and the shadow of trees and low values on noise and stairways in it. The multidimensional quantitative III classifies the purposes of the elderly using the parks into 3 types: a multi-use type, a walking type and a sightseeing type.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.26-41
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 대구광역시의 도시공원을 대상으로 환경특성을 고려한 공원의 유형을 분류하고, 공원 유형별 관리방안을 제시하는 것이다. 연구대상 공원은 총 68개의 근린공원으로 설정하였으며, 공원 내 외부의 환경인자를 토대로 유형분류를 수행하였다. 공원의 유형분류 결과, 68개 공원이 총 5개의 유형으로 분류되었다. 평지시설-주거지인접형 공원에는 41개소가 분류되었으며, 산지자연-주거지인접형 공원에는 12개소가 포함되었다. 또한, 평지시설-상공업지인접형 공원에는 6개소, 평지시설-농지인접형 공원에는 3개소, 산지시설-농지인접형 공원에는 6개소의 공원이 분류되었다. 근린공원의 유형별 생태 및 이용적 특성 분석 결과를 살펴보면, 평지시설-주거인접형 공원은 공원접근성이 우수하고, 공원 주변의 이용권 인구밀도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 산지자연-주거지인접형 공원은 공원 내 자연녹지의 존재하고 있어 식생활력이 높은 반면, 공원접근성은 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 평지시설-상공업지인접형 공원은 식생활력도 및 녹지연결성이 매우 낮으며, 공원접근성과 이용권인구밀도는 높지 않은 것으로 평가되었다. 평지시설-농지인접형 공원은 식생활력도 및 녹지접근성 낮으며, 공원접근성은 매우 취약한 것으로 평가되었다. 산지자연-농지인접형 공원은 식생활력도 및 녹지연결성이 높은 유형의 특성을 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 이상의 결과들은 향후 도시내 근린공원을 장기적인 관점에서 리모델링 또는 관리 계획을 마련코자 할 경우 효율적인 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 지역연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.45-61
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• 1999

A rapid growth of science parks worldwide since 1980s is caused by both the widespread perception that technological innovation is the essential element for the economic development and the notified cases of successful high technology cluster like Silicon Valley. Analyzed in terms of R & D employment and expenditure, new product launches, patent registration, qualifications of the founder, self-rated technological level and the like, the technological level of the science parks in the U.K. reveals very high. While nealy half of the firms on the science parks are represented to be formally linked with universities, the use of the library is referred most frequently among the types of the linkages. R & D links such as contract research, sponsored research, test and analysis were rarely mentioned. Summing up, science parks play an important role for the development of high-tech industries with superior technological characteristics. But in reatlity, there remains so much difference among the individual parks and their location. In addition the individual parks and their location. In addition, institutionalization of the technology transfer with univeristies that only when the science parks are based on the innovative environment they can be successful in the capability of the technological innovation.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.149-177
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• 1994

This study is practically focussed on the derivation of the formula of the reach of the catchment of urban community parks and the reached distance to the parks. The hypotheses for the formula are as follows. a. The catchment of urban community parks can be dependent on the quantitative characteristics that urban community parks have substanial factors : the potential residential population of the proximate community to a park, park visitor's day and mean usetime per year. b. The distance to the urban park is a decided variable which can be percieved quantitatively by the researchers among the exogenous variables concerned with the mean usetime of the urban community park. The data for the variables were collected from the statistics, and the surveys for 9 parks of 4cities(Seoul, Chong-ju, Su-Won, Chon-an) in Korea, which were divided into on-site samples and off-site ones in 1991. The data were collected by questionaire surveys. A total of 548 questionaires of off-site surveys were completed by the residents in the enticing area of the parks. A total of 1053 questionaires of on-site surveys were completed by the visitors of the parks. The research could attempt to derive a formula, which was concerned with the reach of the catchment of urban community parks and the reached distance to the parks. It is testified(R2>0.8) that the numbers of mean usetime per year should be related with the reached distance from a visitor's house to a proximate park. The formula is analogized with an exponential function: {{{{ Mean Usetime per year=f(x)=Ae-BK+Ce-DK ear, X is reached distance from a visitor's house to a proximate park. A,B,C and D are parameters. And, the differences of the reach of the catchment of the parks are not only testified with resulting from the differences of the exogenous variables of qualitative characteristics differences of the parks, but also divided separately into spatial ranges. This formula will be able to anticipate the visitor's numbers of a planned urban community park.