• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.88-117
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• 1990

The purposes of this study are to delineate a profile of the state of a stroke patient's adaptation at 3 months after hospitalization and to explore the relationship between the level of adaptation and the variables which influence the adaptation of hemiplegic patients. To these ends, theoretical framework was derived basically from the stress adaptation model. The basic assumption underlying the level of adaptation is influenced by the presenting focal, contextual and residual stimuli. This group of stimuli is further operationalized and represented by a perception of stress. which is the perceived effect of the disability and by the mediating variables such as sociodemographic factors as an external conditioning variables and perceived social support and hardiness personality characteristics as an internal intervening variables. The dependent varibales in this study is the level of physical, psychological and social adaptation and is hypothesized to be a function of the interaction between 3 sets of variables namely, the perceived disability effect, external conditioning variables and internal intevening varibles. A total of fourty three subjects from 3 general hospitals in Seoul were observed and interviewed with the aid of 7 structured instruments. The data were collected twice on each subject : first at the pre-discharge period arid at 3 months post-discharge from hospital for the second time. The study was carried out for the period from February to August, 1988. The instruments used for the study include 4 existing scales and 3 scales developed by the researcher for this study. They are : 1) The ADL dependency scale and the scale of the clinical physical functions for the assessment of physical adaptation. 2) the SDS(self report of depression) to measure the level of psychological adaptation. 3) The scale for the amount of social activities for the measurement of the level of social adaptation. 4) The scale for the perceived effect of disability for the measurement of the focal stimuli. 5) The health related hardiness scale and the perceived interpersonal support self evaluation list(ISEL) for the measurement of the hardiness personality character and the perceived social support. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage, oneway ANOVA, Pearson coefficients correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The findings provide valuable information about the present level of physical adaptation at 3 months after discharge. The patient revealed a decreased ADL dependency and lowered limitation of physical function as compared with pre - discharge state. Psycholcgically, the average degree of depression at follow up was within normal range of depression. Socially, the amount of social activities was very low. The one way ANOVA and the correlational analysis revealed the relationship between the 3 sets of variables and the adaptation level as follows : 1) The perceived disability effect was related to the degree of the depression and the amount of social activities but was not related to the physical adaptation. 2) Among the sociodemographic variables, sex and education were related to the difference of ADL dependency and the change of physical function. These factors indicate that women more than men and educated more than the less educated were found more independent. The education was also related to the degree of depression suggesting that the higher the educational level, the more well adapted the patients were both physically and psychologically. Age, marital status and job state were not found to be related to the patient's adaptation level. 3) Among the internal intervening variables, the health related hardiness characteristic was related to the differences of ADL dependency, physical functions and the social activities, indicating that the higher the hardiness character the higher the level of physical and social adaptation. 4) The perceived social support, another internal intervening variable, was related to the degree of depression and the social activities. This data suggest that the higher the perception of social support, the better adapted the patients were psychogically and socially. In summarizing the results of the correlational analysis, the level of physical adaptation was influenced by sex, the years of education and the hardiness character. The level of psychological adaptation was influenced by the years of education, the perceived disability effect and the perceived social support. And the level of social adaptation was influenced by the perceived disability effect, the hardiness character and the perceived social support. The stepwise multiple regression analysis shows findings as follows : 1) The most important factor to explain the difference of ADL dependency was sex, indicating females were more independent than males. 2) The most important factor to explain the difference of physical function and the degree of depression was the patient's education level. 3) The strongest explaining factor for the amount of social activities was perceived self esteem(one of the subconcepts of perceived social support). Thus the most important factors influencing the level of adaptation were found to be sex, education, the hardiness character and self esteem. From the above findings, the significance of this study can be delineated as follows : 1) Corroboration of the assumed relationship between the various variables and the adaptation level as suggested in the conceptual model. 2) Support for the feasibility of the cognitive approach for nursing intervention such as hardness character training, counselling and teaching for self-care in the chronic patients.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.236-245
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• 2011

Objectives : The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of the parenting stress with their children's characteristics for typically developing preschool children. Methods : Parents of 38 preschool children (mean age : 4.4${\pm}$0.7 years, 22 boys) completed the Korean Parenting Stress Index, the Korean Child Behavior Checklist, the Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scale-Abbreviated form (CPRS and CTRS), the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory, the Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire and the Social Responsiveness Scale. All 38 children performed the Comprehensive Attention Test (CAT). Results : The children's inattentive and hyperactive problems, as measured by the CBCL, CPRS and CAT, had positive correlation with parenting stress. Both internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems were associated with parenting stress. Of the child's temperament dimensions, Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance were positively correlated with parenting stress, but Persistence and Cooperativeness were negatively correlated with parenting stress. Sleep anxiety and other sleep characteristics showed a correlation with parenting stress. Social Motivation and Communication were also positively related to parenting stress. Conclusion : Our results suggest that parenting stress could be related to the children's cognition, emotion, behavioral characteristics, sleep habits and social development. These results could assist in the development of interventions to improve the parental well-being in typically developing preschool children.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2007

This study aimed at investigating the level of high school students' entrance exam stress and mental health first and also investigating if the entrance exam stress and mental health are related to gender, grade, character type, parenting style and economic status. This is expected to be used as a fundamental data for the development of health education program on high school students' stress and diagnosis of their mental health. To achieve those goals above, the questionnaire was used and the sample consisted of 600 students from general high schools in a large city, C and in a smaller city, A in Chungnam province through questionnaire and the conclusion, which was based on 582 proper questionnaires from the 600 questionnaires, through variable analysis, correlation analysis and multi-regression, is below. First, according to the information provided by respondents, the result showed the relationship between those background variables and the entrance exam stress and mental health level. As the students are more introverted and the parenting style is more authoritative, the entrance exam stress is higher and the mental health level is higher as the parenting style is more authoritative and the economic status is lower. In gender, the entrance exam stress level was high for male students in regard to parents pressure. For female students, it was due to the insufficient free time. In test performance, the good grade group showed high stress level when they don't have enough free time and the poor grade group showed high stress level when they have test tension and poor test performance. In character style, the introverted group showed high stress level in future uncertainty. In parenting style, the authoritative group showed significantly high level in all four sub-factors and there is no significant relationship with the stress level and economic statue. Female students reported higher mental health level than male students in somatization and depression. In academic achievement, the poor grade group showed high level in obsession, fear-anxiety and psychotism. In character style, the introverted group showed high level in sensitivity towards others and depression. And in parenting style, the authoritative group is higher in 9 sub-factors than the other two groups in the factor, economic status. The lower economic status group showed high mental health problem level in this order; in obsession, sensitivity towards others, depression, paranonia and psychotism. Second, the results revealed that there is a significant difference among the groups after comparing and analyzing the relationship between the mental health level according to the three groups, the first, second and third group divided by the degree of entrance exam stress. And the higher the entrance exam stress is, the higher the mental health problem level is. Verification showed that there was obvious difference among the groups. the entrance exam stress was positively correlated with the mental health level. The lack of free time, future uncertainty, test anxiety/poor test performance and parents pressure, these factors, in that order, were correlated with the mental health level. when the prediction variables which influenced on mental health are analyzed, test-anxiety/poor test performance was found to be related to mental health most. And after the factor, test-anxiety, future uncertainty and the lack of free time were listed(ranked), however results did not show any correlation with parents' pressure.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권37호
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• pp.307-334
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• 2014

만평은 특정인물 또는 사회현상을 풍자하기 위해서 특정인물 또는 사회현상에 비유되는 인물캐릭터를 등장시킨다. 만평 속 인물캐릭터의 말과 행위를 통해 부정행위를 한 권력자나 부조리한 사회현상을 드러낸다. 본 연구의 인물캐릭터인 국정원 여직원은 장기간에 걸쳐 만평에 등장하고 있으며, 실제 인물 대신에 사회현상을 비유하고 있다. 이처럼 국정원 여직원이 장기간에 걸쳐 만평 속 인물캐릭터로 등장하는 이유는 관련된 사회현상이 종결되지 않고 진행 중이기 때문이다. 또한 실제인물 대신에 사회현상을 비유하는 이유는 국정원 여직원의 숨겨진 얼굴로 인해 얼굴을 알기 쉽지 않은데 기인한다. 숨겨진 얼굴은 인물의 특징을 과장하기 힘들게 한다. 숨겨진 얼굴은 야구모자와 목도리로 상징되는 숨고 싶은 욕망의 표현이기도 하다. 숨겨진 얼굴과 숨고 싶은 욕망은 실제 인물 대신에 관련 있는 다른 인물 혹은 사회현상으로 치환하기 쉽게 만든다. 즉 국정원 여직원의 외형적 특징은 만평에서 '추가된 기의'를 결합시키기에 좋은 조건을 갖추고 있는 셈이다. 만평 속 인물캐릭터인 국정원 여직원은 실제 국정원 여직원과 무관하게 여러 의미가 필요에 의해 결합하여 실제 인물은 사라지고 다른 인물 혹은 집단 또는 사회현상으로 치환된다. 이처럼 본 연구는 만평에서 '국정원 여직원'으로 등장하는 인물캐릭터를 기호적으로 분석함으로써 만평 속 인물캐릭터의 역할을 밝히는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구에서 만평 속 인물캐릭터의 기호적 분석을 통해 다음을 알 수 있다. 첫 번째, 만평은 사회현상을 풍자한다. 만평 속 인물캐릭터가 실제 인물을 대신하여 사회현상을 풍자한다. 두 번째, 만평은 정치가 만들어내는 부조리한 사회현상의 핵심적이거나 감추고 싶은 치부를 드러내어 풍자한다. 만평 속 인물캐릭터가 실제 인물을 대신하여 사회현상의 핵심적이거나 감추고 싶은 치부를 드러내어 풍자한다. 세 번째, 만평은 정치가 만들어내는 부조리한 사회현상의 책임자에게 경고의 메시지를 보낸다. 만평 속 인물캐릭터가 실제 인물을 대신하여 정치가 만들어내는 부조리한 사회현상의 책임자에게 경고의 메시지를 보낸다. 네 번째, 만평은 정치가 만들어내는 부조리한 사회현상에 의해 개인이 받게 되는 상처 혹은 스트레스를 견딜 수 있게 카타르시스를 제공한다. 만평 속 인물캐릭터가 실제 인물을 풍자하고 조롱함으로써 부조리한 사회현상에 의해 개인이 받게 되는 상처 혹은 스트레스를 견딜 수 있게 카타르시스를 제공한다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

The purpose of this study are to examine the influential variables between general character, family system, coping strategies, social support and stress of main caregivers for disordered elderly family. This study was conducted by interviewing of 177 family-members care to giving disordered elderly families in Taegu and Kyeongbuk province. The data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical package using frequency and percentage, multiple regression and path analysis. The results of this study were as follow : The variables influencing stress related to the disordered elderly family are the degree of disorder (${\beta}=.348^{***}$), caring-time-per day (${\beta}=.303^{***}$), employment status of main caregivers (${\beta}=.223^{***}$), social support (${\beta}=.241^{**}$), relational coping strategies (${\beta}=.199^{**}$), problem-avoidance coping strategies (${\beta}=.327^{***}$). Thus, in disordered elderly families, a high-stress situation arises with a highly-educated caregiver when problem-avoidence coping strategies or relational coping strategies are used or when daily caring time is great. A low-stress situation results when the caregiver is employed and the social support level is high.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.237-242
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• 2008

Physical properties of water, such as dielectric constant and ionic product, significantly vary with the density of water. In the supercritical conditions, since density of water widely varies with pressure, pressure has a strong influence on physical properties of water. Dielectric constant represents a character of water as a solvent, which determines solubility of an inorganic compound including metal oxides. Dissociation equilibrium of an acid is also strongly dependent on water density. Dissociation constant of acid rises with increased density of water, resulting in drop of pH. Density of water and the density-related physical properties of water, therefore, are the major governing factors of corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking of metals in supercritical aqueous solutions. This paper discusses importance of "physical properties of water" in understanding corrosion and cracking behavior of alloys in supercritical water environments, based on experimental data and estimated solubility of metal oxides. It has been pointed out that the water density can have significant effects on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of metals in supercritical water, when dissolution of metal plays the key role in the cracking phenomena.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.93-107
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the trends of studies on work-related musculoskeletal disorder and to suggest the direction of future research. Method: 144 research thesis for a degree on work-related musculoskeletal disorder were systematic reviewed and published from Jan. 1990 to Mar. 2005. The analyzed using descriptive statistics, an actual number, percentage. Result: As its result the work-related musculoskeletal disorder research which is announced from domestic the doctorate dissertation at the 2004 year 42 the most many 144 dissertation middle most to be 129 in master degree dissertation was 15 in Ph D degree. Dissertation contents character the contents against the result relation that it analyzes especially and a condition and an obstacle was many most at 84. Research plan in most description investigation research 121 the dissertation field to be the especially public health (hygiene, industry and environment) at this 57 most many research object person distribution manufacturing industry in the research object one dissertation was many most at the 40. The tools which are used in each measurement in the question tool which it uses most the question price of land which uses the condition investigation ticket which it made from the NIOSH and the ANSI most many 33, the hazard which analyzes a work attitude in the tool which it uses the RULA was many most at 14. In the stress test tool social psychological healthy measurement PWI (Psychological Wellbeing Index) the dissertation which uses the Job Strain of the Karasek Model to be many most at 19 PWI (Psychological Wellbeing Index) 7 easy use. Work-related musculoskeletal disorder measurement hazard in physiological index and the machinery and tools which it uses there were 9 researches to use an electromyogram most plentifully. With the effect goes to a work-related musculoskeletal disorder they are 33 where the age is many most from general quality. From healthy act with the relation of smoking the year to be many from 16 dissertations. Work of the corpse an attitude (the attitude which is inappropriate) with 5 and the work market the work burglar is many most at 9, the society-support of 36 where the stress is many psychologically most, the stress and service also the most many duty discretion (authority and autonomy) is 6 at the duty demand boat song 9. The service career to be many is 22 of extraordinarily with relation of service. Conclusion: It is recommended the research which it sees being limited in only domestic thesis for a degree the international comparative study to become accomplished. It comes to think with the fact that it will be necessary to make the protocol which it conforms in the civil official guide the test researches for the protocol or arbitration program which is standardized are necessary. Prevention and the civil official of work relation bones and sinews standing total disease hazard scientific base one program is necessary with base.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.685-692
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• 2000

Vertical drain used improvement soft clay is made of not only decreasing construction time but also increasing the ground strength during some decades. As, it is applied to improvement soft clay with vertical drain, it is designed by the result that is caused by oedemeter test ignored anisotropic of the ground related to consolidation conditions. When we are expected consolidation conditions, the most important factors is soil of compaction and water permeability. Above all, anisotropic of the ground permeability show the results which differ between vertical and radial drainage. Recently, We study for radial consolidation coefficient and permeability coefficient that utilized Rowe Cell Consolidation and permeability tester but, it dont use well because of not only a supply lack also difficulty of test. The paper experimented with searching anisotropic of the ground so there are Rowe Cell test, standard consolidation tester and modified standard consolidation test that have pohang's soft clay ground. Therefore, we find anisotropic of the ground and a tester of easy use more than before. We made a comparison test result between the devised tester and Rowe Cell tester, Also, we learned average degree of consolidation for partial penetrating vertical drains. We were found relations as effective stress-void and effective stress-permeability coefficient through those tests.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.153-157
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• 1991

The present study eluciciated the effect of water holding matter on emergence and survival of forage grasses in seedling and early growth stage. Vermiculite was used as u7ater holding matter. Experiment was conducted with 2 treatments, soil only and soil with 3% vermiculite. The results obtained were as follows: Most of character related to emergence and early growth were improved clearly by adding vermiculite. Specially, root growth was increased when vermiculite was added in soil. Survival percent at drought stress condition was also improved by adding vermiculite. Rut the amount of water keeping by verm~culite was not much.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2006

Hwa-byung is said as a Korean folk syndrome in DSM- N,and that is translated into ,Anger syndrome', In Oriental Medicine, Hwa-Byung is related with clonic emotional-stress, and include symptoms having the character of 'fire', In this case, the patient had symptoms similar with schizopmenifonn disorder, We treated the patient with Sihoukan-tang, Ssanghwa-tang and Ziunkoron. And her condition was improved through these oriental medical treatment.