• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.215-229
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examines the attitude of South Korean adults toward food aid to North Korea and factors associated with it. Methods: An online survey involving 1,000 adults aged 19-69 years was conducted between September-October 2019. Throughout South Korea, the subjects were proportionally distributed with respect to gender, age, and region, to represent South Korean adults. Results: A total of 44.6% of the respondents agreed (Agreement group), 36.7% disagreed (Disagreement group), and 18.7% neither agreed nor disagreed to food aid to North Korea. Compared to the Disagreement group, the Agreement group had a higher concern of food aid to North Korea and a more positive perception on the effect of it. The Agreement group selected "direct assistance from the government" whereas the Disagreement group chose "support through international organizations" as the most appropriate channel for food aid to North Korea. Logistic regression analysis revealed that South Korean adults showing a more positive perception on the effect of food aid to North Korea were more likely to agree to the aid (odds ratio [OR], 19.32). Moreover, compared to the conservatives, the progressives were more likely to agree to food aid to North Korea (OR, 5.94). South Korean adults in their 40-50s were more likely to agree to food aid to North Korea than those in their 20-30s (OR, 2.81). South Korean adults with a higher concern of food aid to North Korea (OR, 3.93) and a greater positive perception on Korean unification (OR, 1.88) were more likely to agree to food aid to North Korea. Conclusion: The most important factor associated with the attitude of South Korean adults toward food aid to North Korea was their perception on the subsequent effect. As strategies to draw social consensus on food aid to North Korea, we recommend systematizing the monitoring process on the effect of providing food aid to North Korea and informing the public of the outcomes.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.87-115
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• 2012

Introduction: In these days, a loyalty program is one of the most common marketing mechanisms (Lacey & Sneath, 2006; Nues & Dreze, 2006; Uncles et al., 20003). In recent years, Coalition Loyalty Program is more noticeable as one of progressed forms. In the past, loyalty program was operating independently by single product brand or single retail channel brand. Now, companies using Coalition Loyalty Program share their programs as one single service and companies to participate to this program continue to have benefits from their existing program as well as positive spillover effect from the other participating network companies. Instead of consumers to earn or spend points from single retail channel or brand, consumers will have more opportunities to utilize their points and be able to purchase other participating companies products. Issues that are related to form of loyalty programs are essentially connected with consumers' perceived view on convenience of using its program. This can be a problem for distribution companies' strategic marketing plan. Although Coalition Loyalty Program is popular corporate marketing strategy to most companies, only few researches have been published. However, compared to independent loyalty program, coalition loyalty program operated by third parties of partnership has following conditions: Companies cannot autonomously modify structures of program for individual companies' benefits, and there is no guarantee to operate and to participate its program continuously by signing a contract. Thus, it is important to conduct the study on how coalition loyalty program affects companies' success and its process as much as conducting the study on effects of independent program. This study will complement the lack of coalition loyalty program study. The purpose of this study is to find out how consumer loyalty affects affiliated brands, its cause and mechanism. The past study about loyalty program only provided the variation of performance analysis, but this study will specifically focus on causes of results. In order to do these, this study is designed and to verify three primary objects as following; First, based on opinions of Switching Barriers (Fornell, 1992; Ping, 1993; Jones, et at., 2000) about causes of loyalty of coalition brand, 'brand attractiveness' and 'brand switching cost' are antecedents and causes of change in 'brand loyalty' will be investigated. Second, influence of consumers' perception and attitude prior to joining coalition loyalty program, influence of program in retail brands, brand attractiveness and spillover effect of switching cost after joining coalition program will be verified. Finally, the study will apply 'prior brand preference' as a variable and will provide a relationship between effects of coalition loyalty program and prior preference level. Hypothesis Hypothesis 1. After joining coalition loyalty program, more preferred brand (compared to less preferred brand) will increase influence on brand attractiveness to brand loyalty. Hypothesis 2. After joining coalition loyalty program, less preferred brand (compared to more preferred brand) will increase influence on brand switching cost to brand loyalty. Hypothesis 3. (1)Brand attractiveness and (2)brand switching cost of more preferred brand (before joining the coalition loyalty program) will influence more positive effects from (1)program attractiveness and (2)program switching cost of coalition loyalty program (after joining) than less preferred brand. Hypothesis 4. After joining coalition loyalty program, (1)brand attractiveness and (2)brand switching cost of more preferred brand will receive more positive impacts from (1)program attractiveness and (2)program switching cost of coalition loyalty program than less preferred brand. Hypothesis 5. After joining coalition loyalty program, (1)brand attractiveness and (2)brand switching cost of more preferred brand will receive less impacts from (1)brand attractiveness and (2)brand switching cost of different brands (having different preference level), which joined simultaneously, than less preferred brand. Method : In order to validate hypotheses, this study will apply experimental method throughout virtual scenario of coalition loyalty program if consumers have used or available for the actual brands. The experiment is conducted twice to participants. In a first experiment, the study will provide six coalition brands which are already selected based on prior research. The survey asked each brand attractiveness, switching cost, and loyalty after they choose high preference brand and low preference brand. One hour break was provided prior to the second experiment. In a second experiment, virtual coalition loyalty program "SaveBag" was introduced to participants. Participants were informed that "SaveBag" will be new alliance with six coalition brands from the first experiment. Brand attractiveness and switching cost about coalition program were measured and brand attractiveness and switching cost of high preference brand and low preference brand were measured as same method of first experiment. Limitation and future research This study shows limitations of effects of coalition loyalty program by using virtual scenario instead of actual research. Thus, future study should compare and analyze CLP panel data to provide more in-depth information. In addition, this study only proved the effectiveness of coalition loyalty program. However, there are two types of loyalty program, which are Single and Coalition, and success of coalition loyalty program will be dependent on market brand power and prior customer attitude. Therefore, it will be interesting to compare effects of two programs in the future.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2013

Space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) has been one of the most effective tools for monitoring quantitative oceanographic physical parameters. The Doppler information recorded in single-channel SAR raw data can be useful in estimating moving velocity of water mass in ocean. The Doppler shift is caused by the relative motion between SAR sensor and the water mass of ocean surface. Thus, the moving velocity can be extracted by measuring the Doppler anomaly between extracted Doppler centroid and predicted Doppler centroid. The predicted Doppler centroid, defined as the Doppler centroid assuming that the target is not moving, is calculated based on the geometric parameters of a satellite, such as the satellite's orbit, look angle, and attitude with regard to the rotating Earth. While the estimated Doppler shift, corresponding to the actual Doppler centroid in the situation of real SAR data acquisition, can be extracted directly from raw SAR signal data, which usually calculated by applying the Average Cross Correlation Coefficient(ACCC). The moving velocity was further refined to obtain ocean surface current by subtracting the phase velocity of Bragg-resonant capillary waves. These methods were applied to Envisat ASAR raw data acquired in the East Sea, and the extracted ocean surface currents were compared with the current measured by HF-radar.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.411-417
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• 2017

This experimental research explores the effect of background music of TV documentary which can be classified as channel factor in the field of media effect, on audience's recall memory, flow, arousal of interest, evaluation of documentary. Most previous researches of media effect focused on the effect of sender factor and message factor on audience's memory, understanding, acquirement of knowledge, attitude, action. However the number of researches on the effect of background music on audience's various dependent variables is extremely limited, especially it is very difficult to find studies on the effect of background music of TV documentary on audience. Therefore this research tries to find the effect of background music of TV documentary on audience's recall memory, flow, arousal of interest, evaluation. For this research of experiment, 2 groups of subjects composed of 101 university students were exposed to 2 different video clips of TV documentary, one with background music, the other without it, After this experiment, Questions which were designed to measure audience's recall memory, flow, arousal of interest, evaluation were asked and analysed. This research found that background music of TV documentary increased audience's flow, degree of interest and raised evaluation, However meaningful effect of background music on audience's recall memory was not found.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 2008

In a power-asymmetry relationship like franchise system, a high dependent franchisee must often rely on its powerful partner. Therefore, in order to build up 'win-win' systems, therefore channel members should increase trust and commitment each other to enhance the relationship quality to sustain long-term cooperative relationships. First of all, to increase the relationship quality in franchise system, franchisor should increase franchisee's perception of the powerful franchisor's justice. The point of this research, I established basic hypotheses and comparative hypotheses to examine franchisor's behavior what franchisee expected which influences on franchisee's attitude and behavior in power - asymmetry relationship in franchise system. For the purpose of the empirical testing, managers of franchisee in the food service industry of Korea had been selected and analyzed, and major findings in this study as follow: First, the relational norm between franchisor and franchisee increased both distributive justice and procedural justice, especially relational norm had more effect on procedural justice than distributive justice. Second, distributive justice increased both economic commitment and social commitment while procedural justice just increased social commitment only but economic commitment. So, on the relational commitment, distributive justice was more important element than procedural justice. On the other hand, procedural justice had indirect effect on economic commitment through distributive and social commitment.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.79-89
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• 2018

Purpose - This research aims to investigate the factors that influence consumer's overseas online shopping behavior. Consumers adopt overseas online shopping as a new buying way and more and more consumers prefer overseas online shopping than traditional shopping ways. Consumers' behaviors in this shopping experience can be different from other shopping experiences. With the increase of overseas online shopping, we need to find antecedents and results of overseas online shopping. Especially there would be positive or negative factors which influence overseas online shopping motivation. To find the relationship, this study examines self-efficacy and impulsivity as major factors which influence overseas online shopping. We also suggest that several attitude factors increase self-efficacy and it is positively related to customer satisfaction. On the other hand, we assume that overseas online shopping factors influence impulsivity of buying and it will decrease customer satisfaction. Research design, data, and methodology - This empirical study data were collected from Korean people who experience overseas online shopping. The subjects for this study were confined to shoppers who used overseas online shopping within the past six months. A total of 267 responses were gathered. SPSS 23.0, PLS 2.0 software were used in the data analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to show sample characteristics. We examined reliability, validity test for constructs. All measurement items used seven-point scales(1= very strong disagree, 7 = very strongly agree) drawn from previously published papers. Partial Least Square method was applied to find the relationship between antecedent factors and dependent factors and hypotheses were estimated. Results - Results show that perceived superiority, perceived ease of use, perceived transaction safety, perceived behavioral control positively affect self-efficacy. Self-efficacy influences positively to consumer's post purchase satisfaction. Perceived monetary benefit and perceived uniqueness motivated impulse buying. This can make consumer's post purchase dissatisfaction. Conclusions - This paper attempted to confirm the existence of both the positive and negative faces of overseas online shopping. The result reveals that self-efficacy is a major factor which may increase satisfaction in the overseas online shopping. Usually, we can think monetary benefit and uniqueness of products motivate overseas online shopping. But it can also intrigue impulse buying and negatively affect customer relationship. Therefore companies should provide enough products information to their potential customers and they might apply adequate processes such as recommendation, comparing systems to build long term relationship with their customers.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.18
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• pp.199-229
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• 2002

This study analyzed the trends of broadcaster licensing policy during 1990-2001 in Korea. It is to seek the answers about how the examination standards and procedures applied to broadcaster licensing has been changed for the last decade. For the purpose this study inquired six cases such as private broadcasting licence (1990 October), cable TV program provider licences(1993 July), cable TV system operator licences(1994 January), private local broadcaster licences(1994 July), satellite broadcaster licence(2000 December) and cable TV home shopping channel licences(2001 March). It examined the degree of specification and measurement of the standards based upon the government white paper; average points per item, average points per quantitative item, and average points per qualitative item etc. The government hadn't opened the standards and procedures how it licensed broadcasters until 1990 and the uncertain attitude brought distrust on the government broadcasting policy. The first white paper about broadcaster licensing was made in 1994 after cable TV broadcaster licensing was finished. The results indicated that Korean broadcasting licensing policy rapidly developed in the dimension of transparency from 'a secret room policy' to 'a sunshine policy' for the last decade. But it still needs improvement in the dimension of fairness of examination. Now one of the main distrust is the ratio that the one of qualitative examination standards are much more than the qualitative one.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.205-213
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• 2015

Era of multi-channel digital multimedia on the Internet, cable, satellite and IPTV and the growth of new media such as terrestrial broadcast advertising with the poor rating has also dropped sharply. In this situation, terrestrial TV suggesting the introduction for total amount system appearing comments. In this study, the introduction of these intermediate advertising the public and professional awareness about the issue by comparing the introduction for total amount advertising feasibility was done in the purpose. The results were as follows. First, Studies on terrestrial TV suggesting the introduction of total amount system and public opinion about the differences in perception between experts is high. Second, Both the public and professionals about the total amount system preferred application stage were in favor of gradual for/limited permit cross-media. Third, the general population was higher than the positive response from experts about the benefits of the total amount system. Finally, the general public about the disadvantages of the total amount system they were more positive response than the experts. The introduction for total amount system validity of these data for future total amouny system to provide a basis for enforcement is expected to give.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.45-54
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• 2005

Visual messages are fundamental elements for performing communication and indicate the signs which are delivered from the communicator to the communicatee via channels, Generally, we can classify visual messages into two groups; linguistic factors which are rational and deliver abstract concepts and unlinguistic factors which are mental and can be expressed concretely. Especially, web site with receivers' low attention and concentration need images which can attract their attention to visual messages. That is, web site is a medium which allows us to feel visual and emotional experiences. We can call it a standard of sign systems which are consisted of various styles of digital texts. The main purpose of this study lies in that we'll analyze how homepage introductory page as one of the forms of digital text conduces a meaning action to the receivers and that we'll apprehend the structures of images and different types of signs via a semiotic approach and analyze the underlying meaning of the messages. In order to survey the structures of images we'll look into the attitude toward perceiving messages by using semantic differential method which has been developed mostly by Osgood and analyze the visual images by adopting sign types of Fuss. As the signification is created by combining signs, it is significant that we'll analyze the meaning of sings between the transmitters and receivers from the semiotic viewpoint and study the signification systems.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.153-162
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• 2004

This paper focused on the effect of Kansei design on the web in branding as well as its influence factors. As a key of this research, it classified web users' Kansei into five categories; 1) functional Kansei, 2) sensoryKansei, 3) psychological Kansei, 4) relational Kansei and 5) cultural Kansei, and organized relevant factors. Online surveys were conducted on seven websites of the fast food brands in Korea (Lotteria, Mcdonald, BurgerKing, Popeyes, KFC, Pizza Hut, Domino's) which are targeting 463 male and females in 20s. As a result, an average of 58% responded that they had a positive Kansei experience and could enhanceits brand preference. Of the sensory Kansei, visual design factors were the one that gave the greatest effect on brand preference enhancement. Regarding the functional Kansei satisfaction, such as user convenience and access speed were also one of the most crucial variables for the whole Kansei satisfaction. Moreover, the preference enhancement brought not only a positive effect on its reliability but also its brand image and consumers' purchasing desire. Based on the survey results, the additional FGI (Focus Group Interview) had been conducted and determined \circled1 what kind of major Kansei that users wanted to have satisfied, \circled2 what type of design can give strong Kansei appeal to its users, and \circled3what design factors gave an effect on sensory emotion. In the course of this research, Itried to renew the awareness of the web importance as a major channel in non-mass interactive marketing, and suggest the effect and its possibility of emotional branding through Kansei design in the web as well as design principles of strategic Kansei design.