• KSBB Journal
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2005

세균배양이 해양환경정화를 궁극적인 목적으로 사용 가능한지에 대하여 조사하였다. 본 연구는 새우양식장에서 분리한 균주 CK-10과 CK-13을 이용하여 질소와 인을 제거하는 연구이다. BIOLOG 시험을 통하여 세균들은 Bacillus subtilis CK-1과 Bacillus sp. CK-13으로 각각 명명되었다. 호기적 조건하에서 단일 N/P 원으로서 질소 $(NH_4^+,\;NO_2^-,\;or\;NO_3^-)$와 인$(PO_4^{3-})$의 제거에 대한 연구가 CK-10이나 CK-13의 단일배양에 의하여 수행되었다. 주어진 배양기간 이내에 $100-400{\mu}M$ 농도범위에 있는 $NH_4^+,\;NO_2^-$, 또는 $NO_3^-$의 완전제거가 단일배양과 혼합배양에서 이루어졌다. $125-599{\mu}M$ 농도의 $PO_4^{3-}$을 포함하는 배양에서 유사한 결과가 얻어졌다. 혼합배양에서 N/P의 동시제거 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과, $400{\mu}M\;NH_4^+$와 $NO_2^-$는 12시간 이내에 제거되었고, $NO_3^-$는 36시간 이내에 각각 제거되었으며, $500{\mu}M\;PO_4^{3-}$도 36시간 이내에 제거되었다. 이 연구를 통해서 혼합배양은 N/P의 동시 제거율을 크게 향상시키는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2007

진세노사이드의 인슐린 분비 활성을 비교해 본 결과 PPD 계열 진세노사이드가 인슐린의 분비를 촉진하는 경향을 보였으며, 그 중에서도 CK의 인슐린 분비 촉진 효과가 가장 뛰어났다. CK는 RIN-m5F cell line과 일차 배양한 췌장 소도 세포에서 용량 의존적으로 인슐린의 분비를 촉진하였고 이러한 CK의 인슐린 분비 촉진 기전은 ATP-sensitive $K^+$ 채널의 봉쇄에 의한 것임을 확인하였다. H4IIE cell line에서 간 세포내 당신생과 관련된 효소의 발현을 측정한 결과 CK는 dexamethasone/cAMP에 의한 PEPCK 와 G6Pase의 발현을 억제하였다. 이로 미루어 볼 때, CK는 간에서 당의 신생을 억제하여 공복 시 혈당을 감소시킬 수 있음을 시사하였다. 또한 3T3-L1 cell line에서 TG의 함량과 $PPAR-{\gamma}$ 유전자의 발현에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 CK는 $PPAR-{\gamma}$의 발현을 억제하여 결과 지방세포의 분화를 억제하였다. 결론적으로 CK는 췌장에서 ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channel을 봉쇄함으로 인슐린 분비를 촉진시키고 또한 간세포에서 당 신생을 억제함으로 식후 및 공복 시 혈당을 감소시킬 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.753-760
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• 2018

Objective : We investigated the effect of optimization in dose-limiting shell method on the dosimetric quality of CyberKnife (CK) plans in treating brain metastases (BMs). Methods : We selected 19 BMs previously treated using CK between 2014 and 2015. The original CK plans ($CK_{original}$) had been produced using 1 to 3 dose-limiting shells : one at the prescription isodose level (PIDL) for dose conformity and the others at low-isodose levels (10-30% of prescription dose) for dose spillage. In each case, a modified CK plan ($CK_{modified}$) was generated using 5 dose-limiting shells : one at the PIDL, another at intermediate isodose level (50% of prescription dose) for steeper dose fall-off, and the others at low-isodose levels, with an optimized shell-dilation size based on our experience. A Gamma Knife (GK) plan was also produced using the original contour set. Thus, three data sets of dosimetric parameters were generated and compared. Results : There were no differences in the conformity indices among the $CK_{original}$, $CK_{modified}$, and GK plans (mean 1.22, 1.18, and 1.24, respectively; p=0.079) and tumor coverage (mean 99.5%, 99.5%, and 99.4%, respectively; p=0.177), whereas the $CK_{modified}$ plans produced significantly smaller normal tissue volumes receiving 50% of prescription dose than those produced by the $CK_{original}$ plans (p<0.001), with no statistical differences in those volumes compared with GK plans (p=0.345). Conclusion : These results indicate that significantly steeper dose fall-off is able to be achieved in the CK system by optimizing the shell function while maintaining high conformity of dose to tumor.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.164-170
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• 2004

건강한 성인의 분변으로부터 담즙산 분해능이 우수한 젖산균의 분리를 위하여 무작위 선별법과 도말법을 사용하여 층 120주의 젖산균을 1차 분리하였고, 그중 5종의 젖산균을 최종 선발하였다. 유용한 젖산균이 갖추어야할 중요한 성질인 내산성, 내담즙산성, 대장균 저해능을 시험한 결과 Lactobacillus sp. CK 102이 가장 우수한 균주로 나타났다. Lactobacillus sp. CK 102 균주는 pH 2.0에서 68％ 이상의 내성과 1.0％ 담즙산이 함유된 배지에서 90％이상의 내성을 나타냈으며 MRS 배지에서 대장균과 혼합 배양시 18시간 이내에 대장균을 100％ 사멸시켰다. 젖산균제로써 기능이 가장 우수한 균주인 Lactobacillus sp. CK 102를 API kit와 16S rRNA sequencing 방법을 사용하여 동정한 결과 Lactobacillus platarum 으로 밝혀졌다. 이상의 결과에서 분리한 Lactobacillus sp. CK 102는 생균제로서 안전하게 이용할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2007

Ginsenosides are one of the most well-known traditional herbal medicines frequently used for the treatment of cardiovascular symptoms in korea. The anti-ischemic effects of the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, and CK on ischemia-induced isolated rat heart were investigated through analyses of changes in hemodynamics ; blood pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output. The subjects in this study were divided into four groups: normal control, the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK, an ischemia-induced group without any treatment, and an ischemia-induced group treated with the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK. There were no significant differences in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow and cardiac output between them before ischemia was induced. The supply of oxygen and buffer was stopped for five minutes to induce ischemia in isolated rat hearts, and the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK was administered during ischemia induction. Treatments of the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK significantly prevented decreases in perfusion pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output under ischemic conditions. In addition, hemodynamics (except heart rate) of the group treated with the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK significantly recovered 60 minutes after reperfusion compared to the control group (mixture+ischemia vs ischemia - average perfusion pressure: 74.4${\pm}$2.97% vs. 85.1${\pm}$3.01%, average aortic flow volume: 49.11${\pm}$2.72% vs. 59.97${\pm}$2.93%, average coronary flow volume: 58.50${\pm}$2.81% vs. 72.72${\pm}$2.99%, and average cardiac output: 52.47${\pm}$2.78% vs. 63.11${\pm}$2.76%, p<0.01, respectively). These results suggest that treatment of the mixture of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ and CK has distinct anti-ischemic effects in ex vivo model of ischemia-induced rat heart.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.311-318
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• 2023

Background: The beneficial effects of compound K (CK) on different chronic diseases have been shown to be at least related to antioxidant action. Nevertheless, since its antioxidant activity in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is still unknown, here we investigated whether CK alleviates oxidative stress-stimulated damage in RPE ARPE-19 cells. Methods: The cytoprotective consequence of CK in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-treated cells was evaluated by cell viability, DNA damage, and apoptosis assays. Fluorescence analysis and immunoblotting were performed to investigate the inhibitory action of CK on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Results: H₂O₂-promoted cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial impairment, and apoptosis were significantly attenuated by CK in ARPE-19 cells. Furthermore, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) phosphorylation level and its shuttling to the nucleus were increased, which was correlated with upregulated activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). However, zinc protoporphyrin, a blocker of HO-1, significantly abrogated the preventive action of CK in H₂O₂-treated ARPE-19 cells. Conclusion: This study indicates that activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling by CK plays an important role in rescuing ARPE-19 cells from oxidative cellular damage.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.106-115
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• 1995

Reactive humsn mesothelial cells were examined by immunocytochemical stain with intermediate filaments (cytokeratin [CK1, CK7, CK8, CK18, CD19), vimentin, desmin, actin), epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MHC class II antigen (HLA-DR), LeuM-1 (CD15), $\alpha1-antitrypsin$(ACT), $\alpha1-antichymotrypsin$ (ACHT), CD68(KP-1) and FcyRIII(CD16). The mesothelial cells were isolated from patients with liver cirrhosis and pleural effusion, and short-term cultured in RPMI 1640 media containing 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum and 1% identical supernatant fluid of the patients' transudates. The results obtained are as follows 1. The cultured-reactive mesothelial cells were positive for the protein of cytoskeleton such as cytokeratin and vimentin, but negative for desmin and actin. The resting mesothelial cells showed positive reactions for cylokeratin, but negative for vimentin, desmin and actin. 2. The primary antibodies to the cytokeratin were strongly reactive for CK1, CK8 and CK18 but negative for CK7 and CK19 in both reactive and resting mesothelial cells. 3. Resting mesothelial cells showed negative reactions for CEA, but strong positive reactions in cultured-reactive mesothelial cells. 4. The markers for the monocytes/histiocytes(CD11b, CD14, CD16, CD68, Iysozyme and $\alpha1-antitrypsin$ and $\alpha1-antichymotrypsin$) were nonreactive in resting mesothelial cells, but lysozyme and $\alpha1-antitrypsin$ were weakly reactive in reactive and proliferative mesothelial cells. 5. MHC Class II molecule(HLA-DR antigen) was negative in both resting and reactive mesothelial cells. These results suggest that the short-term cultured, reactive mesothelial cells show a newly aberrant expression of the vimentin and calcine-embryonic antigen. The reason of the aberrant expression of the intermediate filament and oncofetal antigen in reactive and proliferative mesothelial cells should be further evaluated.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.153-162
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• 1988

$D{\acute{o}}ck$ (Korean rice cake) is a peculiar food of Korea made of grain. By means of cooking from, it is defined as 'Pulvberzed food of grain' $D{\acute{o}}ck$ was one of the daily food, but development of boild rice had narrowed it's use to the food of festive days and ceremonies. $D{\acute{o}}ck$ is used as a main food of all Kinds of ceremonies from one's birth to death, such as the Three seven day(a baby's twenty-first day of life), one hunderdth day, birthday, wedding, both brithday, funeral and sacrifical rites, vocational ceremonies, such as a sacrifice to spirits and a srevics for a big catch of fish. It is also used as a present and seasonal food. A large variety of $D{\acute{o}}ck$ is available and its recipe is scientific and reasonable. In this treatise, the Kinds of $D{\acute{o}}ck$ and the frequency of them, the material, the recipe, the measuring unit of material, cooking kitchen utensils and the cooking terms are studied from the books published in Korea from 1670 to 1943. 1. $D{\acute{o}}ck$ was classified as Tcbin $D{\acute{o}}ck$(steamed), Chin $D{\acute{o}}ck$(strikn), Chijin $D{\acute{o}}ck$(fried) and Salmun $D{\acute{o}}ck$(boiled), according to its way of cooking. 2. There were 122 Kinds of $D{\acute{o}}ck$, 57 were Tchin $D{\acute{o}}ck$, 35 Chin $D{\acute{o}}ck$, 20 Chijin $D{\acute{o}}ck$, and 10 Salmun $D{\acute{o}}ck$. 3. There were 34 Kinds of measuring units. Of them, 13 for volume, 4 for weight, 9 for quantity, 4 for length and 4 for the rest. 4. There were 55 Kinds of cooking Kitchen utensils but now many of them are not used because of mechanization or automation of tools of living. 5. There were 143 Kinds of cooking terms. Of them 49 for the preparing process, 25 for the mixing process, 27 for well-forming process 10 for process of getting ready to cook, 14 for heating process, 10 for cutting process, 5 for dishin process and 3 for process of soaking in sugar or honey.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2024

안전한 네트워크를 위해 보안 평가는 필수불가결한 과정으로, 위험을 관리하기 위해서는 적절한 성능지표가 있어야 한다. 가장 널리 사용하고 있는 정량적 지표로는 CVSS가 있다. CVSS는 주관성과 해석의 복잡성, 보안 위험의 관점에서 맥락을 고려하지 못한다는 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 보완하기 위해 ISO/IEC 15408 문서의 보안 개념 및 관계도를 바탕으로 공격자, 위협, 대응, 자산의 4가지를 항목화하고 수치화 하는 지표를 제안한다. 네트워크 스캐닝을 통해 발견된 취약점은 약점, 공격패턴의 연결관계에 의해 MITRE ATT&CK의 기술과 매핑시킬 수 있다. 우리는 MITRE ATT&CK 의 Groups, Tactic, Mitigations을 이용하여 일관성을 가지며 직관적인 점수를 산출한다. 이에 따라 보안 평가 관리자가 다양한 관점의 보안지표 중 선택할 수 있는 폭을 넓히고, 사이버 네트워크의 보안을 강화하는데 긍정적인 영향을 기대한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2015

Background: Gut microflora play a crucial role in the biotransformation of ginsenosides to compound K (CK), which may affect the pharmacological effects of ginseng. Prebiotics, such as NUTRIOSE, could enhance the formation and consequent absorption of CK through the modulation of gut microbial metabolic activities. In this study, the effect of a prebiotic fiber (NUTRIOSE) on the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside CK, a bioactive metabolite of ginsenosides, and its mechanism of action were investigated. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given control or NUTRIOSE-containing diets (control diet + NUTRIOSE) for 2 wk, and ginseng extract or vehicle was then orally administered. Blood samples were collected to investigate the pharmacokinetics of CK using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Fecal activities that metabolize ginsenoside Rb1 to CK were assayed with fecal specimens or bacteria cultures. Results: When ginseng extract was orally administered to rats fed with 2.5%, 5%, or 10% NUTRIOSE containing diets, the maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve values of CK significantly increased in a NUTRIOSE content-dependent manner. NUTRIOSE intake increased glycosidase activity and CK formation in rat intestinal contents. The CK-forming activities of intestinal microbiota cultured in vitro were significantly induced by NUTRIOSE. Conclusion: These results show that prebiotic diets, such as NUTRIOSE, may promote the metabolic conversion of ginsenosides to CK and the subsequent absorption of CK in the gastrointestinal tract and may potentiate the pharmacological effects of ginseng.