• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.459-467
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• 2009

$Cd_2GeSe_4$ and $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films were prepared on indium-tin-oxide(ITO)-coated glass substrates by using thermal evaporation. The crystallization was achieved by annealing the as-deposited films in flowing nitrogen. X-ray diffraction spectra showed that the $Cd_2GeSe_4$ and the $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films were preferentially grown along the (113) orientation. The crystal structure was rhomohedral(hexagonal) with lattice constants of $a=7.405\;{\AA}$ and $c=36.240\;{\AA}$ for $Cd_2GeSe_4$ and $a=7.43\;{\AA}$ and $c=36.81\;{\AA}$ for $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films. From the scanning electron microscope images, the $Cd_2GeSe_4$ and $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films were plated, and the grain size increased with increasing annealing temperature. The optical energy band gap, measured at room temperature, of the as-deposited $Cd_2GeSe_4$ films was 1.70 eV and increased to about 1.74 eV and of the as-deposited $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films was 1.79 eV and decreased to about 1.74 eV upon annealing in flowing nitrogen at temperatures from $200^{\circ}C$ to $500^{\circ}C$. The dynamical behavior of the charge carriers in the $Cd_2GeSe_4$ and $Cd_2GeSe_4:Co^{2+}$ films were investigated by using the photoinduced discharge characteristics technique.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.106-110
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• 2009

In order to reduce the bitter taste and improve the bioavailability of red ginseng extract(RGE), inclusion complexes (RGE-CD) of the extract with ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-,\;{\gamma}$-cyclodextrin were prepared and studied for their sensory quality and bioavailability compared to RGE. By complexation, the bitter taste-reducing efficacies of ${\alpha}$-CD and ${\beta}$-CD were much lower than that of ${\gamma}$-CD. In comparative sensory analysis for the bitter taste, RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10, prepared using 10%(w/w) of ${\gamma}$-CD, showed a score of 1.93(decreased by about 78%) compared to RGE as the control. In addition, in sensory analysis for flavor, RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10showed a score of 5.60. Upon increasing the amount of ${\gamma}$-CD to 15%(w/w) and 20%(w/w), respectively, the bitter taste of RGE-${\gamma}$-CD was removed and the flavor of RGE disappeared(scores of 2.67 and 1.67, respectively). Therefore RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10 was chosen as an optimum. The same dosages of RGE and RGE-${\gamma}$-CD10 were orally administered to SD(Sprague-Dawley) rats on a saponin basis, and the plasma concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 were measured over time to estimate the average AUC(area under the plasma concentration versus time curve) of the ginsenosides. After the oral administration, there were no significant differences in the AUC values of the RGE and RGE-${\gamma}$-CD 10 groups for ginsenoside Rg1. However, AUC values for ginsenoside Rb1 were $25.8{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$ in the RGE group and $81.5{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/mL$ in the RGE-${\gamma}$-CD 10 group, respectively. Therefore, the bioavailability of ginsenoside Rb1 in the RGE-${\gamma}$-CD 10 group was significantly higher by up to 315% compared with that in the RGE group(p = 0.0029). These results show that the bitter taste of RGE can be simultaneously removed by the complexation of RGE and ${\gamma}$-CD(RGE-${\gamma}$-CD) along with increased bioavailability.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of crosslinked ${\beta}$-cyclodextrin(${\beta}$-CD) made by adipic acid on cholesterol removal rate and find the structural change after recycling on SEM observation. The size reduction and morphological changes were found during the recycling process and the profound changes were observed at 8th time reuse. After cholesterol removal in milk, the used crosslinked ${\beta}$-CD was washed for cholesterol dissociation and reused. In recycling study, the cholesterol removal rate at first trial was 92.5% in milk, which was mostly same as that using new crosslinked ${\beta}$-CD(92.4%). With repeated 10th reuse of crosslinked ${\beta}$-CD resulted in 81.4% of cholesterol removal in milk. Similar trend was found in cream and cholesterol removal was 91.5% at 1st trial and 83.4% at 10th trial. In both milk and cream samples, the removal rate at 1st reuse was not significantly different from that at 6th reuse(p>0.05). The present study indicated that crosslinked ${\beta}$-CD made by adipic acid resulted in the effective recycling efficiency, especially up to 6th reuse and morphological modifications were not distinguishable up to 8th reuse.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.289-295
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• 2014

Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets is a powerful tool for evaluating cellular immunity and monitoring immune-mediated diseases. The numbers and proportions of blood lymphocyte subsets are influenced by factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and lifestyle. This study aimed to establish reference ranges for peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in a healthy Korean population. Blood samples from 294 healthy adults were collected. Lymphocyte subsets were analyzed using a single-platform method with a flow cytometer; white blood cells and lymphocytes were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. The mean value of the white blood cell count was $5,665cells/{\mu}l$, and the mean values of the subtype counts (percentages) were as follows: lymphocytes, $1,928cells/{\mu}l$ (35.08%); $CD3^+$ cells, $1,305cells/{\mu}l$ (67.53%); $CD3^+CD4^+$ cells, $787cells/{\mu}l$ (40.55%); $CD3^+CD8^+$ cells, $479cells/{\mu}l$ (25.23%); $CD3^-CD19^+$ cells, $203cells/{\mu}l$ (10.43%); and $CD3^-CD56^+$ cells, $300cells/{\mu}l$ (15.63%). Additionally, the $CD4^+/CD8^+$ ratio was 1.81. In this study, gender and age significantly influenced blood lymphocyte subsets. Our results demonstrate that, as with other populations, a healthy Korean population has its own, region-specific, lymphocyte subset reference ranges.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.245-248
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• 1998

Electrokinetic tests are conducted on laver contaminated with heavy metals to investigate the efficiency of the process in removing Cd, Pb, and Zn. The tests were operated at constant current, and operating time were 0 - 24 hours. The removal efficiency in electro-osmosis with open electrodes is time-dependent. The absorbed Cd, Pb and Zn were removed 50.94-95.75%, 80.78-81.96%, and 48.10-83.83% by the process.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.269-277
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• 2000

When Persicaria thunbergii and Rumex crispus were treated with Cd($NO_3$)$_2$ and Pb($NO_3$)$_2$ of 5 or 10 mM for 5 days, the amount of bioaccumulation of $Pb^{2+}$ in the leaf of P. thunbergii was 2.87-8.08$\mu\textrm{g}$/g and that of $Cd^{2+}$ was 0.82-2.79$\mu\textrm{g}$/g. In the case of P. thunbergii, the concentration of $Pb^{2+}$ in the leaf was higher than that of $Cd^{2+}$. On the other hand, in R. crispus, the concentration of $Cd^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ were similar as follows ; 1.49$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in $Cd^{2+}$ 5mM, 2.90$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in Cd2+ 10mM, 1.83$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in $Pb^{2+}$ 5mM and 2.73$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in $Pb^{2+}$ 10mM. The remaining rate of heavy metals and the variation of pH in the cultured soil decreased as compared with control (100 % and pH 6.48) after 5 days as follows; to 77.l% and pH 6.39 in $Cd^{2+}$ 5mM, 90.2% and pH 5.79 in $Cd^{2+}$ 10 mM, 81.1% and pH 6.00 in $Pb^{2+}$ 5mM, and 85.7% and pH 5.80 in $Pb^{2+}$ 10 mM. The result of size exclusion chromatography, several phytochelatins were seperated from the extract of the leaf of both plants treated with heavy metals. The molecular mass of these phytochelatins were estimated as follows; in the case of P. thunbergii, about 4,300-8,600 da by $Cd^{2+}$ and about 3,200-9,700 da by $Pb^{2+}$, and in R. crispus, about 4,300 da by $Cd^{2+}$ and about 3,200-7,500 da by $Pb^{2+}$. In addition, $A_{254}$ of these phytochelatins were higher than $A_{280}$. [Phytochelatin, Persicaria thunbergii, Rumex crispus]

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

Field water qualities (temperature, pH, Eh, EC, DO) was monitored by 6 times March to September 2009 on background water (BW) and acid mine drainage (AMD0, AMD1, AMD2 and AMD3 points), and flow rate was measured on AMD0 point. Acid mine drainage flowed out from abandoned Ilgwang mine were high acid waters that lower than pH 3, and Eh component was ranged 400 to 600 mV. EC measured on acid mine drainage were higher over 10 times than background water, DO component was increased by reaction on the air during the water flow from AMD0 point to AMD4 point. Heavy metal concentrations in acid mine drainage were ordered Fe > Cu > Zn > Mn > As > Cd, and Fe concentration was highest for 81.870~474.30 mg/L. Monitoring periods measured maximum concentrations of heavy metals were May for As and Cd, June for Fe, July for Cu, Zn and Mn. The periods measured minimum concentrations were monitored April for Cd and Mn, September for Fe, Cu, Zn and As. Discharge mass of heavy metal components were calculated 53.44 kg for Fe, 6.25 kg for Cu, 5.26 kg for Zn, 2.13 kg for Mn, 0.14 kg for As and 0.04 kg for Cd, respectively. Total discharge mass of heavy metal components were calculated 67.26 kg for 1 day, and Fe component was taken 79% of total mass.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.111-121
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• 2021

In order to determine the possibility that Chrysanthemum indicum L. cultured with Lactococcus lactis (CILL) is a material for obesity suppression food, the body weight, body fat mass, and T cells were determined in C57BL/6 mice induced by a high fat diet. The CILL (25.15±2.44 g) demonstrated weight loss from week 4 onward and maintained a low weight gain from week 1 to week 8 (1.00±0.53 g). The 8-week body weight (30.38±4.17 g) indicated loss of 13.15% when compared to the HFD (60% high fat diet, 34.99±2.09 g). Fat mass decreased to 10.3022±2.8813 g, and the absolute liver weight decreased relative to that in the HFD. CD4+ T cells were 4.84±1.33%, CD8+ T cells 7.02±2.26%, and CD4+CD8+ T cells 1.46±0.81%, which were all higher than those in the HFD. As a result, CILL can be used as a material for preventing obesity as an effective measure toward reducing weight when consumed orally.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.480-486
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• 2008

This paper reports on the monitoring results of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As and Hg) in oriental mineral medicines. Levels of Pb, Cd and As were determined using the acid digestion method and ICP-MS. Hg levels were determined using the gold amalgamation method and Automatic mercury analyzer (AMA). The results indicated that, in the case of Pb, 25.81% (24 cases) of the samples were over MRL (5 mg/kg). Pb levels in Calamina, Pumex, and Cinnabaris exceeded MRL (5 mg/kg). In the case of Cd, 9.68% (17cases) of the samples were over MRL (0.3 mg/kg). Cd levels in Calamina, Pumex and Cinnabaris were exceeded MRL (0.3 mg/kg). In case of As, 24.73% (23 cases) of samples exceeded MRL (3 mg/kg). As levels in Calamina, Lithargyrum, Vermilionum, Cinnabaris and Chalcocitum exceeded MRL (3 mg/kg). In the case of Hg, it was shown that the 76.34% (78 cases) of the samples exceeded MRL (0.2 mg/kg). Hg levels in almost all the samples exceeded MRL (0.2 mg/kg). These results led us to recommend that the domestic commercial law to be legislated to ensure the quality estimation and safety of oriental mineral medicines.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.673-680
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• 2013

Phosphorus accumulating microorganisms (PAOs) are influenced by various environmental factors and heavy metals. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of the selected heavy metals on the growth and phosphorus removal capacity of Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ, Pseudomonas aerunogisa, and Bacillus Subtilis, well known as PAOs. The heavy metals used in this study included Cu, Cd, As, and Zn. The $IC_{50}$ (median inhibition concentration) values of Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 8.07 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.18 mg $L^{-1}$, 73.62 mg $L^{-1}$ and 0.25 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of Pseudomonas aerunogisa for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 4.45 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.16 mg $L^{-1}$, 18.51 mg $L^{-1}$ and 2.34 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of Bacillus Subtilis for the Cu, Cd, As, and Zn were 3.81 mg $L^{-1}$, 0.18 mg $L^{-1}$, 11.31 mg $L^{-1}$ and 0.47 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. The phosphorus removal efficiencies of the three bacteria, Bacillus sp. 3434 BRRJ, Pseudomonas aerunogisa, and Bacillus subtilis were 93.12%, 71.81%, and 65.31%, respectively. Based on the results of the three PAOs obtained from the study, it appears that Bacillus sp. 3434BRRJ may have the best results in terms of their growth rate and P removal efficiencies.