• ETRI Journal
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.471-482
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• 2021

Several code-division multiple access (CDMA)-based interconnect schemes have been recently proposed as alternatives to the conventional time-division multiplexing bus in multicore systems-on-chip. CDMA systems with a dynamic assignment of spreading codewords are particularly attractive because of their potential for higher bandwidth efficiency compared with the systems in which the codewords are statically assigned to processing elements. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed arbitration scheme for dynamic CDMA-bus-based systems, which solves the complexity and scalability issues associated with commonly used centralized arbitration schemes. The proposed arbitration unit is decomposed into multiple simple arbitration elements, which are connected in a ring. The arbitration ring implements a token-passing algorithm, which both resolves destination conflicts and assigns the codewords to processing elements. Simulation results show that the throughput reduction in an optimally configured dynamic CDMA bus due to arbitration-related overheads does not exceed 5%.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.5_6
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• pp.257-266
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• 2007

In On-Chip bus, the arbitration scheme is one of the critical factors that decide the overall system performance. The arbitration scheme used in traditional shared bus is the master-side arbitration based on the request and grant signals between multiple masters and single arbiter. In the case of the master-side arbitration, only one master and one slave can transfer the data at a time. Therefore the throughput of total bus system and the utilization of resources are decreased in the master-side arbitration. However in the slave-side arbitration, there is an arbiter at each slave port and the master just starts a transaction and waits for the slave response to proceed to the next transfer. Thus, the unit of arbitration can be a transaction or a transfer. Besides the throughput of total bus system and the utilization of resources are increased since the multiple masters can simultaneously perform transfers with independent slaves. In this paper, we implement and analyze the arbitration schemes for the Multi-Layer AHB BusMatrix based on the slave-side arbitration. We implement the slave-side arbitration schemes based on fixed priority, round robin and dynamic priority and accomplish the performance simulation to compare and analyze the performance of each arbitration scheme according to the characteristics of the master and slave. With the performance simulation, we observed that when there are few masters on critical path in a bus system, the arbitration scheme based on dynamic priority shows the maximum performance and in other cases, the arbitration scheme based on round robin shows the highest performance. In addition, the arbitration scheme with transaction based multiplexing shows higher performance than the same arbitration scheme with single transfer based switching in an application with frequent accesses to the long latency devices or memories such as SDRAM. The improvements of the arbitration scheme with transaction based multiplexing are 26%, 42% and 51%, respectively when the latency times of SDRAM are 1, 2 and 3 clock cycles.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.73-86
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• 2011

Today's arbitrations see themselves as the most effective scheme for dispute resolution in a variety of transactional context. While some kind of ADR system was already introduced in Korea as of 2007 with revision of the Consumer Basic Law, consumers' needs in dispute resolution remain unmet. Recently one consumer arbitration case divides the U.S. Supreme Court. Of course, the result of the case is expected to affect tens of millions of arbitration agreements in the States which has the most developed scheme in consumer arbitrations. While Arbitration clauses in adhesion contracts are not automatically held to be substantively unconscionable, Class action waivers are one of the most controversial issues in consumer arbitration. In this study, with the theoretical background of consumer arbitrations general, and contractual defenses against adhesive contracts, reviewed are U.S. federal courts' attitudes toward certain consumer arbitration agreements including the class arbitration waiver. Moreover, several issues in AT&T case are examined for practical implications for consumer dispute resolution. All of these are expected to initiate further research to find some guidelines for the proper status and operation of consumer arbitration here in Korea.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1203-1207
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• 2019

As the number of IP cores has been increasing in a System-on-Chip (SoC), multiple routers are included in on-chip-networks. Each router has its own arbitration policy and it is difficult to obtain a desired arbitration result by combining multiple routers. Allocating desired bandwidths to the ports across the routers is more difficult. In this paper, a guaranteed bandwidth allocation scheme using an IP-level QoS control is proposed to overcome the limitations of existing local arbitration policies. Each IP can control the priority of a packet depending on the data communication requirement within the allocated bandwidth. The experimental results show that the proposed mechanism guarantees for IPs to utilize the allocated bandwidth in multiple router on-chip-networks. The maximum error rate of bandwidth allocation of the proposed scheme is only 1.9%.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.119-136
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• 2015

The contracting parties must be provided a litigation scheme in order to resolve a dispute. This means taking advantage of effective measures for mediation or arbitration. A lease transaction is likely to occur mainly after a dispute. It is necessary to take the appropriate measures in advance. In general, when a variety of contracts are created, conflicts arise and disputes have to be resolved through mediation and arbitration documents, and adjustment or intervention is called for. Arbitration system is a system that is established based on the trust of the arbitral tribunal. For such system, quality education for enhancing professionalism required of the arbitrator is important. A party responding to an arbitration agreement presents a problem. The current system must ensure that there are no disadvantaged parties. However, a party must depend on an arbitration agreement that is part of the law rescue system. A litigation support by the local Bar Association must be carried out. It should be notified of the contents of the contract to select a strategy that will best resolve the conflict. In the case of lease transactions, there is a need to create a scheme to make a standard agreement that inserts an arbitration clause. Lease sale and purchase agreement or lease agreement is a form of contract that has been frequently used. Here, the arbitration agreement clause for a lawyer that will serve as arbitrator should be inserted. It is a scheme that can be activated for individuals in poor areas. In addition, it is possible to see it taking a scheme to take advantage of the lawyer system for the future of the town. The Attorney System of a town is a system that the Korean Bar Association, Legal Department has put in place since 2013. If a real estate trade dispute occurs, the role of the intermediary attorney should be to carry out his duties efficiently. In the case of real estate transaction conflicts, the lawyer of the village should be registered as the arbitrator. It is important to establish a basis of regulations through this type of real estate transaction accident analysis. Before proceeding with various adjustment systems, it is desirable to expand the arbitration region. Now we need a realtor amendment. It is the part where fragmentation of intermediary qualification is required, along with the eligibility of a subdivision.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.99-112
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• 2008

In the passive UHF (860-960MHz) RFID communications, which consists of a set of readers and tags, the readers normally interrogate the tag by using the backscatter mechanism. (i.e., tag response). In practical RFID environment, where multiple readers or tags exist; the interference causes collisions. This paper proposes a centralized arbitration scheme for avoiding the collision problems among multiple readers. The proposed centralized arbitration scheme is modeled in software environments, and is verified with simulation results. Simulated performance is focused on completion time, utilization and response time, and the simulation results show that our proposed scheme provides satisfactory performance grade.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1993

In a multiple-bus multiprocessor system in which processors and memory modulus are interconnected through system buses, time delay due to bus contention degrades system performance. In order to reduce such a problem , and optimal bus arbitration scheme and its hardware are neccessary. In this study, performaces of four arbitration schemes are analyzed and compared : fixed-priority, equal-priority, rotating-priority and round-robin priority schemes. For the study, the software simulator of a multiple-bus multiprocessor system is developed by using SLAM II. Simulation results show that, when memory sccesses are evenly distributed to all memory modulus, round-robin priority scheme provides the best performance. But when a hot spot exists, the use of the fixed priority scheme results in the shortest access time.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.89-110
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• 2012

No-fault automobile insurance system is a statutory scheme to provide automobile accident victims with compensation for certain expenses arising from personal injuries occurring in car accidents. New York State has enacted No-Fault Law to ensure that the injured in automobile accidents be paid rapidly by their own insurance company for medical expenses, lost earnings regardless of fault, replacing common law system of reparation for personal injuries under tort law. Its primary purpose is to facilitate compensation without the need to exhaust time-consuming litigation over establishing the existence of fault and the extent of damages. No-Fault Law allows arbitration as a method for settling the no-fault insurance disputes. No-fault arbitration, however, differs in a significant way from general arbitration system. First, No-Fault Law provides the parties with the option to submit any dispute involving no-fault automobile insurance to arbitration. Second, no-fault arbitration attempts to speed its procedure incorporating various methods. Third, the parties are required to seek review of arbitral awards by master arbitrator prior to seeking court's review. Fourth, the parties have right to bring de novo action in court if master arbitrator's award exceeds $5,000. Given the current state of law in Korea, it may not be easy to introduce no-fault arbitration system into Korea in the context of automobile insurance disputes settlement as its law has a long-established reparation system based on tort liability and no-fault arbitration system has its own features that differ from general arbitration system. Nonetheless, it could be suggested that no-fault arbitration be introduced in other fields which require speedy dispute resolution and a third party's decision to settle the disputes. The optional right of submitting disputes to arbitration as provided by No-Fault Law of New York State may offer a ground to supprot the effectiveness of an optional arbitration agreement.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.38-44
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• 2009

Bus system consists of several masters, slaves, arbiter and decoder in a bus. Master means the processor that performs data command like CPU, DMA, DSP and slave means the memory that responds the data command like SRAM, SDRAM and register. Furthermore, as multiple masters can't use a bus concurrently, arbiter plays an role in bus arbitration. In compliance with the selection of arbitration method bus system performance can be charged definitely. Fixed priority and round-robin are used in general arbitration method and TDMA and Lottery bus methods are proposed currently as the improved arbitration schemes. In this stuff, we proposed the score arbitration method and composed TLM algorithm. Also we analyze the performance compared with general arbitration methods through simulation. In the future, bus arbitration policy will be developed with the basis of the score arbitration method and improve the performance of bus system.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.80-114
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• 1992

Current compensation schemes for medical malpractice based on negligence is absolutely malfunctioning in Korea. Focussing on the reform of present tort systems for resolving medical malpractice disputes, this paper discusses the alternative models of the Social Relief Schemes for Medical Malpractice (SRSMM). Alternative models of SRSMM should fundamentally be based on either negligence or nofalult compensation principle. On the foundation of the previous relief principle, the SRSMM should be equupped with three major components-the preventio/reduction of the sharp increasing medical malpractice, the effective and efficient resolving process for malpractice disputes and the proper social financing scheme for compensation. The paper deals with pros and cons of the possible alternative models for reform centering on the three major components of the scheme. As conclusions, administrative arbitration machinaries and a compulsory fund for compensating the injured under the negligence principle are proposed to resolve the current problems Korea has faced.