• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2000

To study the effects of soil moisture and texture on characteristics of growth, content of saikosaponins and activity of antioxidative enzymes in Bupleurum falcatum L., content of saikosaponins(a, c and d) and activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) were investigated with two Bupleurum genotypes(Jangsoo and Samdo). Two Bupleurum genotypes were grown under different soil moisture(deficit, normal, surplus) and soil texture(sandy, sandy loam, loam) conditions. Among the tested soil conditions, dry weight accumulation rate of both cultivars could be ranked in the order surplus > normal > deficit soil for soil moisture and sandy > sandy loam > loam for soil texture. Under the surplus soil condition, growth retardation of Samdo cultivar was more severer than that of Jangsoo. Furthermore, content of saikosaponin a, d, and c also could be ranked in the order deficit > normal > surplus and sandy > sandy loam > loam for soil moisture and texture, respectively. Although both Jangsoo and Samdo cultivars grown under water deficit condition showed the highest POD and SOD activity, in general POD and SOD activity in both shoot and root was remarkably high in Jangsoo cultivar compared with Samdo. Saikosaponin content of root was positively correlated with POD and SOD. However, shoot and root length were negatively correlated with POD.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.17-34
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was carried out to observe and compare the effects of Pinellia ternata, Zingiber officinale and Sobanhatang on the reflux esophagitis induced by gastric fundus and pylorus ligation in mice with esomeprazole. Methods: Antioxidant effects were measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity at four different concentration of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and $1.0mg/102{\mu}{\ell}$. Zingiber officinale water extract(ZE), Pinellia ternata water extract(PE) and Sobanhatang water extract(SBE) and esomeprazole were treated orally for 14 days before gatric fundus and pylorus ligation. In the histochemistry, changes in suface mucous cells, muscle tissue and connective tissue in gastro esophageal junction(GEJ) and mast cell on the esophageal mucosa were observed. The change of Hemo oxygenase(HO)-1, ghrelin, gastrin and substance P in gastric body tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry. Results: DPPH radical scavenging activity exhibited concentration dependently increases in ZE, PE, SBE. ZE was significantly higher at all concentrations than PE. The gastric surface mucous cells were more in the treated group than in the reflux esophagitis elicited group(GE) in the order of PE, SBE, ZE and esomeprazole treateded group(PT, SBT, ZT, ET). Lower esophageal sphincter muscle damage and intercellular space in the GEJ were less in the treated group than GE. In the esophageal mucosa, the mast cell distribution and the migration of inflammatory cells were lower in the treateded troup than GE in order to ZT, SBT, PT and ET. The antioxidative enzyme, HO-1 was more in the order of ZT, SBT, control group, PT, ET than in GE. ZT was significantly higher than the other groups and SBT was significantly higher than ET. Ghrelin was found to be higher in ZT, ET, SBT and PT than in GE, and ZT was significantly higher than all other groups except ET. Gastrin showed the highest positivity in GE, and was lower in the order of ET, ZT, SBT, PT, and control group. Substance P was the highest in GE, and was lower in the order of ET, ZT, SBT, PT and control group, and PT were significantly lower than ET. Conclusion: ZT, PT and SBT showed superior antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and mucosal protective effects on mouse reflux esophagitis as compared with ET. In particular, ZE was more effective in antioxidant and gastric motility enhancement, while PE was more effective in mucosal protection and anti-inflammatory effects. Sobanhatang is expected to be effective treatment because it has advantages of both drugs and reduces toxicity.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.564-577
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• 2016

Salinity stress limits plant cultivation in many areas worldwide; however, persimmon (Diospyros spp.) has high tolerance to salt. Five accessions of Diospyros [three of Diospyros lotus (accession numbers 824, 846, and 847); one of Diospyros kaki var. sylvestris (869); and one of Diospyros virginiana (844)] were chosen for analysis of salinity stress. We compared the effects of salt stress on plant growth, relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide content ($H_2O_2$), and antioxidative enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; peroxidase, POD; and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) in leaves of healthy potted seedlings from each of the five accessions after salt treatment for 25 days. Salt stress affected the growth of plants in all five accessions, with all three D. lotus accessions showing the most severe effect. Salt stress increased membrane lipid peroxidation in all accessions, but a stronger increase was observed in the three D. lotus accessions. Moreover, accumulation of $H_2O_2$ was faster in salt-sensitive D. lotus compared to salt-tolerant D. virginiana 844. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes increased in D. virginiana 844 and in D. kaki var. sylvestris 869; the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX were at similar levels in D. virginiana 844 and D. kaki var. sylvestris 869, but POD activity was stimulated to a greater extent in D. virginiana 844. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes (except POD) decreased in D. lotus 824 and increased (except for SOD) in D.lotus 846. The activities of SOD and APX decreased in D. lotus 847, whereas POD and CAT activities both increased. Relative water content decreased significantly in D. lotus. No significant changes in lipid peroxidation or relevant antioxidant parameters were detected in any of the accessions in controls treated with 0.0% NaCl. D. virginiana 844 had higher antioxidant capacity in response to salinity compared to other persimmon rootstocks. These results indicate that changes of these key physiological variables are related to salinity resistance in different accessions of persimmon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1854-1859
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• 2010

Three kinds of Korean traditional Meju were selected and the counts of microorganisms in these Meju were determined. The counts of total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts and molds were 107~108, 106~108 and 107~108 cfu/g, respectively in three Meju and lactic acid bacteria were important microorganisms in the fermentation of Meju. Therefore, we isolated three kinds of dominant lactic acid bacteria from these Meju. They were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides (98%, Lm-SMm), Lactobacillus plantarum (99%, Lp-SMm) and Lactococcus lactis (98%, Ll-GAm). Then, enzyme activities and physiological functionalities of three lactic acid bacteria were investigated. Protease, lipase and $\alpha$-amylase activities were detected in three lactic acid bacteria, Ll-GAm showed relatively higher activities than other two lactic acid bacteria. Lm-SMm, Lp-SMm and Ll-GAm showed 45, 48 and 60% of antioxidative activity to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH), and exhibited 45, 67 and 70% of inhibitory effects in HT-29 human colon cancer cells, respectively. These results indicate that three lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Meju, especially Ll-GAm are applicable to Meju preparation for soybean paste industry.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.296-301
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• 2008

The extracts from Salvia officinalis were studied for antioxidative activities and inhibitory activities against angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase). Total phenolic compounds were found as 22.28, 26.3, 24.63, and 28.22 mg/g in the water, 60% ethanol, 60% methanol and 60% acetone extracts, respectively. The antioxidant activities of Salvia officinalis extracts were measured as $64.4{\pm}1.5%$ at $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ on EDA, inhibition rate on ABTS of $96.9{\pm}0.2%$, antioxidant protection factor of $2.30{\pm}0.16$ PF and TBARS was $0.6{\pm}0.05$ (${\times}100\;{\mu}M$) in the control and $0.28{\pm}0.02$ (${\times}100\;{\mu}M$) in 60% ethanol extracts. Inhibitory activities was the ACE of 75.50% and XOase 100% in 60% ethanol extracts. The 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis exhibited antimicrobial activities against Helicobacter pylori such as 13 mm of clear zone and inhibition rate of 63.4% with $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ of phenolics content. Rosemarinic acid was the most abundant phenolic compounds as analyzed by HPLC. The results suggest that the 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis L. will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional foods.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.390-396
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• 2009

In this study, extracts from S. officinalis were tested for antioxidative effects and inhibitory activities against $\alpha$-amylase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and xanthine oxidase (XOase). The content of total phenolic compounds in water, 60% ethanol, 60% methanol and 60% acetone extracts were 36.2, 42.7, 40.3 and 39.6 mg/g, respectively. In 60% ethanol extracts, the EDA by DPPH free radical scavenging test of S. officinalis was $66.3{\pm}2.2%$ at $200{\mu}g/ml$. The inhibition rate of ABTS was $97.6{\pm}0.1%$, the antioxidant protection factor was $2.26{\pm}0.63$ PF, and TBARS was $0.62{\pm}0.05$ (${\times}100{\mu}M$ in the control and $0.29{\pm}0.02$ (${\times}100{\mu}M$). Also in 60% ethanol extracts of S. officinalis, the inhibitory activity against XOase was 78% and was not shown to be against ACE. According to the $12.6{\pm}0.14\;mm$ of clear zone formed, the inhibition rate against $\alpha$-Amylase was 7.6% at $200{\mu}g/ml$ of phenolics content. Antimicrobial activities of 60% ethanol extracts of S. officinalis against Helicobacter pylori exhibited an inhibition rate of $12.5{\sim}66.1%$ according to the $10{\sim}15\;mm$ of clear zone at $50{\sim}200{\mu}g/ml$. The results suggest that the 60% ethanol extracts from Salvia officinalis L. will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional food sources.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1142-1148
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate antioxidative and physiological activities of ethanol extracts concentration from Monascus-Fermented Chinese Yam (MFCY). The ethanol extracts from MFCY were measured to examine pigment, monacolin K content, total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory effects. In this study, the results show that Monascus sp. MK2, with Dioscorea batatas Dence. as the substrate, can produce pigments (red, orange, and yellow), monacolin K content, total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity at 13.48 (red), 11.66 (orange), 12.77 (yellow), 462.78 (mg/kg), 658.8 (mg/kg) and 92.8% in EtOH extract, respectively. In addition, ACE inhibitory activity was shown to be 74.55% in EtOH extract. Therefore, it can be concluded that Dioscorea batatas Dence is the best fermentative substrate for Monascus species to produce secondary metabolites as biomedicinal substances.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.491-500
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• 2017

Sweet potato-malt worts were prepared by using sweet potato paste of Shinyulmi and Shinjami as the main adjunct, enzymes, malt, hop, and water. We brewed low-malt beers of the lager- or ale-type by using these worts and inoculating bottom and top fermenting yeast, respectively. Moreover, the componential and functional characteristics of the resulting beers were evaluated. During saccharification of sweet potato, the addition of an enzyme agent containing ${\alpha}-amylase$ caused an improvement in filterability and an increase of total sugar. The sugar content of sweet potato-malt wort which was prepared by the addition of 0.1% enzyme agent containing ${\alpha}-amylase$ and a three-step infusion procedure was $13.5^{\circ}Brix$ adequate for beer brewing. The polyphenol and anthocyanin contents of Shinjami beer were increased with increasing content of the paste, and also increased DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. But in Shinyulmi beer it were decreased. A strong correlation was obserbed between antioxidave activities and polyphenol and anthocyanin contents of sweet potato beers. In all lager- and ale-type low-malt beers using 41.6% of Shinjami pastes, sensory attributes very similar to those of 100% malt beer were obtained and they were very good as they had unique red color.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.431-438
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effects of green tea or antioxidant vitamins on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme system in various regions of rat brain aged 9 and 12 months. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised on the experimental diets; 3% green tea powder diet, antioxidant vitamins diet containing the $\beta$-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E in the level same as in the 3% green tea powder diet, and control diet far 3 weeks. We measured concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px) in various brain regions such as cortex, cerebellum, striatum, and hippocampus. Green tea powder or antioxidant vitamin supplementation decreased MDA concentrations in the striatum and the hippocampus, and increased SOB activities in the striatum, and GSH-Px activities in the cortex. There was no significant difference in the observed antioxidative effects between the green tea powder and antioxidant vitamin supplementation. A significant difference between 9 month- and 12 month-old rats was found in MDA concentrations and GSH-Px activities in all brain regions. These results suggest that green tea powder can have protective effects on various regions of rat brain and that these effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes are different by age. In inhibiting lipid peroxidation, there was no difference between green tea powder and antioxidant vitamins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1308-1313
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• 2005

The physiological activity of Lycii fructus extracts were examined. Total phenolic contents in the ethanol extracts (9.5 mg/g) of Lycii fructus were higher than that of water extracts (8.7 mg/g). The chlorogenic acid ($1.7{\mu}g$ in water extracts and $1.3{\mu}g$ in $60\%$ ethanol extract) was the most abundant phenolic compound as analyzed by HPLC. The ABTS [2,2'-azinobis (3-othylbenfothiaznoline-6- sulfornic acid)] radical decolor-ization electron donating ability (DPPH) and antioxidant protection factor (PF) were determined for extracts from Lycii fructus. Water extract ($76.7\%$ on ABTS, $92.6\%$ on DPPH and 1.1 on PF) showed higher inhibition rate than $60\%$ ethanol extracts ($52.8\%,\;88.8\%$ and 1.0). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was determined as $1.5{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M$ in $60\%$ ethanol extract. Ethanol extracts was more effective in decreasing TBARS than water extracts. The water extracts from Lycii fructus had higher angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity than ethanol extracts. The result will be useful for functional foods application and under-standing the physiological activities of Lycii fructus.