• 전기화학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.301-305
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• 2007

연료전지 운전 중에 스택(stack) 분리판 접착부위나 다른 경로로 부동액이 누설될 경우에는 화학적 반응에 영향을 주어 성능의 저하가 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 부동액이 누설되었을 경우의 성능 거동을 관찰하는 실험을 수행하였다. $400mA/cm^2$ 전류밀도 조건에서 마이크로 펌프를 이용하여 부동액을 주입하였으며 상대습도 100%/100%와 수소와 공기의 양론비는 1.5/2.0으로 고정하여 실험을 수행하였다. 3 cell stack을 이용하여 부동액을 주입한 후 정전류 회복 실험을 수행한 결과 cathode측에 부동액을 주입하였을 경우에는 성능이 회복되었고 anode측에 부동액을 주입하였을 경우에는 성능이 회복되기 어려운 것으로 나타났다. Anode측이 회복되지 못하는 이유로는 ethylene glycol의 산화반응에서 발생하는 불순물에 의한 피독 현상과 GDL과 3상 계면에 ethylene glycol이 물리적으로 흡착하였을 경우 반응에 필요한 연료 공급의 방해로 인한 성능 저하를 예상할 수 있다. 성능 저하에 영향을 주는 두 가지 변수를 확인하는 실험을 수행하였다. 회복 실험은 anode측에 water pump를 이용하여 질소 기체와 물을 동시에 공급하는 방법으로 실험을 수행하였고, 1시간 간격으로 성능 회복 유무를 확인하였다. 성능 평가는 polarization curve, cyclic voltammetry(CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)를 사용하였으며, 정량분석은 gas chromatography를 이용하여 분석하였다. 부동액 주입 후 성능은 크게 저하되었고 정전류 회복 실험에서도 성능 회복은 미미하게 나타났다. 이 후 물 주입회복 실험을 수행하였고 회복 실험을 수행한 2시간 이후에는 93% 이상의 회복을 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.411-417
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• 2013

리튬 2차전지 음전극 활물질로 사용하기 위해, 실리콘(Si) 나노입자(평균입경 100 nm, 0~50 wt%)와 흑연 분말(평균입경 $15{\mu}m$)을 사용하여 볼밀링법으로 흑연-실리콘 복합체 분말을 제조하고 그 전기화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 실리콘 함량이 증가할수록 흑연은 볼밀링에 의해 입경이 작아지고 무정형 특성을 보이는 반면, 실리콘 입자는 나노결정성의 변화 없이 무정형 흑연 내에 싸여진 형태로 유지되었다. 저속 사이클릭 볼타메트리 특성상 0.2~0.35 V와 0.55~0.6 V에서 각각 흑연과 실리콘의 전형적 산화피크가 검출되었고 가역성도 우수(첫 사이클 제외)한 반면, 고속 거동에서는 사이클 반복에 따른 비가역성이 현저하게 나타났다. 또한 충방전 초기에는 큰 비가역 용량이 나타나지만 사이클 경과에 따라 감소하였으며, 특히 실리콘을 20 wt% 정도 포함하는 복합체가 50 사이클에서 약 485 mAh $g^{-1}$의 포화된 방전용량을 나타내었다. 이것은 실리콘을 싸고 있는 흑연의 무정형 상이 실리콘-리튬의 합금/탈합금에 따른 체적 변화를 안정적으로 완충할 수 있는 모폴로지가 재료의 적정 조성(흑연:실리콘=8:2 w/w)에 의해 형성되었기 때문이다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.523-530
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• 2019

For the low-Pt electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFCs), the optimization of ionomer content for anode catalyst layers was carried out. A commercial catalyst of 20 wt.% Pt/C was used instead of 50 wt.% Pt/C which is commonly used for PEMFCs. The ionomer content varies from 0.6 to 1.2 based on ionomer to carbon ratio (I/C) and the catalyst layer is formed over the electrolyte by the ultrasonic spray process. Evaluation of the prepared MEA in the unit cell showed that the optimal ionomer content of the air electrode was 0.8 on the I/C basis, while the hydrogen electrode was optimal at the relatively high ionomer content of 1.0. In addition, a large difference in cell performance was observed when the ionomer content of the hydrogen electrode was changed. Increasing the ionomer content from 0.6 to 1.0 by I/C in a hydrogen electrode with 0.05 mg/㎠ platinum loading resulted in more than double cell performance improvements on a 0.6 V. Through the analysis of various electrochemical properties in the single cell, it was assumed that the change in ionomer content of the hydrogen electrode affects the water flow between the hydrogen and air electrodes bounded by the membrane in the cell, which affects the overall performance of the cell. A more specific study will be carried out to understand the water flow mechanism in the future, and this study will show that the optimization process of hydrogen electrode can also be a very important cell design variable for the low-Pt and high-performance MEA.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2014

Objectives: Feasibility of electrochemical oxidation of the aqueous non-biodegradable wastewater such as cationic dye Rhodamine B (RhB) has been investigated in an electrochemical reactor with solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Methods: Nafion 117 cationic exchange membrane as SPE has been used. Anode/Nafion/cathode sandwiches were constructed by sandwiching Nafion between two dimensionally stable anodes (JP202 electrode). Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of applied current (0.5~2.0 A), supporting electrolyte type (0.2 N NaCl, $Na_2SO_4$, and 1.0 g/L NaCl), initial RhB concentration (2.5~30.0 mg/L) on RhB and COD degradation and $UV_{254}$ absorbance. Results: Experimental results showed that an increase of applied current in electrolysis reaction with solid polymer electrolyte has resulted in the increase of RhB and $UV_{254}$ degradation. Performance for RhB degradation by electrolyte type was best with NaCl 0.2 N followed by SPE, and $Na_2SO_4$. However, the decrease of $UV_{254}$ absorbance of RhB was different from RhB degradation: SPE > NaCl 0.2 N > $Na_2SO_4$. RhB and $UV_{254}$ absorbance decreased linearly with time regardless of the initial concentration. The initial RhB and COD degradation in electrolysis reaction using SPE showed a pseudo-first order kinetics and rate constants were 0.0617 ($R^2=0.9843$) and 0.0216 ($R^2=0.9776$), respectively. Conclusions: Degradation of RhB in the electrochemical reactor with SPE can be achieved applying electrochemical oxidation. Supporting electrolyte has no positive effect on the final $UV_{254}$ absorbance and COD degradation. Mineralization of COD may take a relatively longer time than that of the RhB degradation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1023-1032
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• 2008

The feasibility study of the application of the photoelectrocatalytic and electrolytic/UV decolorization of Rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated in the photoelectrocatalytic and electrolytic/UV process with $TiO_2$ photoelectrode and DSA (dimensionally stable anode) electrode. Three types of $TiO_2$ photoelectrode were used. Thermal oxidation electrode (Th-$TiO_2$) was made by oxidation of titanium metal sheet; sol-gel electrode (5G-$TiO_2$) and powder electrode (P-$TiO_2$) were made by coating and then heating a layer of titania sol-gel and slurry $TiO_2$ on titanium sheet. DSA electrodes were Ti and Ru/Ti electrode. The relative performance for RhB decolorization of each of the photoelecoodes and DSA electrodes is: Ru/Ti > Ti > SG-$TiO_2$ > Th-$TiO_2$. It was observed that photoelectrocatalytic decolorization of RhB is similar to the sum of the photocatalytic and electrolytic decolorization. Therefore the synergetic effect was not showed in pthotoelectrocatalytic reaction. $Na_{2}SO_{4}$ and NaCl showed different decolorization effect between pthotoelectrocatalytic and electrolytic/UV reaction. In the presence of the NaCl, RhB decolorization of Ru/Ti DSA electrode was higher than that of the other photoelectrode and Ti electrode. Optimum current, NaCl dosage and UV lamp power of the electrolytic/UV process (using Ru/Ti electrode) were 0.75 A, 0.5 g/L and 16 W, respectively.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.943-949
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• 2020

In this work, we prepared a heterojunction anode with a surface layer of SnO₂-Sb-Ni (SSN) on a Ti/IrO₂ electrode by thermal decomposition to improve the electrochemical activity of the Ti/IrO₂ electrode. The Ti/IrO₂-SSN electrode showed significantly improved electrochemical activity compared with Ti/IrO₂. For the 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ electrolytes, the onset potential of the Ti/IrO₂-SSN electrode shifted in the positive direction by 0.1 V_SCE and 0.4 V_SCE, respectively. In 2.0-2.5 V voltages, the concentration in Ti/IrO₂-SSN was 2.59-214.6 mg/L Cl₂, and Ti/IrO₂ was 0.55-49.21 mg/L Cl₂. Moreover, the generation of the reactive chlorine species and degradation of Eosin-Y increased by 3.79-7.60 times and 1.06-2.15 times compared with that of Ti/IrO₂. Among these voltages, the generation of the reactive chlorine species and degradation of Eosin-Y were the most improved at 2.25 V. Accordingly, in the Ti/IrO₂-SSN electrode, it can be assumed that the competitive reaction between chlorine ion oxidation and water oxidation is minimized at an applied voltage of 2.25V.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-25
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• 2009

연료전지는 가까운 미래를 위한 핵심 청정 신에너지원 중의 하나로 기대된다. 그러나 고분자 연료전지에서 공기극은 느린 산소환원반응과 많은 백금 사용 때문에 상업화에 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 이것을 해결하는 것이 최근 당면 과제이다. 또한 연료극은 일산화탄소의 피독 현상과 전극의 안정성이 문제시 되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 고분자 연료전지를 위한 연료극, 공기극 전기화학 촉매의 이론적 접근을 통해 촉매를 설계하는 최근 연구 내용을 소개하려 한다. 촉매 설계는 합금 전기 화학 촉매를 통해 접근 했으며, 이는 electronic, geometric, lateral effects를 손쉽게 조절할 수 있게 한다. 이것은 계산되어진 d-band center의 함수에 의존하며, 촉매의 활성과 큰 관계를 가짐을 발견하였다. 본고에서 지향하는 촉매의 최종 방향은 이론적 접근을 통해서 촉매의 사용량을 줄이면서 효율적으로 사용하는 것이다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.146-152
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• 2016

A combined system with PEMFC and reformer is introduced and optimized for the real use of this kind of system in the future. The hydrogen source to operate the PEMFC system is methanol, which needs two parts of methanol reforming reaction and preferential oxidation (PROX) for the hydrogen fuel process in the combined operation PEMFC system. With the optimized methanol steam reforming condition, we tested PROX reactions in various operation temperature from 170 to 270 ℃ to investigate CO concentration data in the reformed gases. Using these different CO concentration, PEMFC performances are achieved at the combined system. Pt/C and Ru promoted Pt/C were catalysts were used for the anode to compare the stability in CO contained gases. The alloy catalyst of PtRu/C shows higher performance and better resistance to CO than the Pt/C at even high CO amount of 200 ppm, indicating a promotion not only to the activity but also to the CO tolerance. Furthermore, in a system point of view, there is a fluctuation in the PEMFC operation due to the unstable fuel supply. Therefore, we also modified the methanol reforming by a scaled up reactor and pressurization to produce steady operation of PEMFC. The optimized system with the methanol reformer and PEMFC shows a stable performance for a long time, which is providing a valuable data for the PEMFC commercialization.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2020

Carbon supports for dispersed platinum (Pt) electrocatalysts in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are being continuously developed to improve electrochemical performance and catalyst stability. However, carbon supports still require solutions to reduce costs and improve catalyst efficiency. In this study, we prepare well-dispersed Pt electrocatalysts by introducing titanium dioxide (TiO₂) into biomass based nitrogen-doped carbon supports. In order to obtain optimized electrochemical performance, different amounts of TiO₂ component are controlled by three types (Pt/TNC-2 wt%, Pt/TNC-4 wt%, and Pt/TNC-6 wt%). Especially, the anodic current density of Pt/TNC-4 wt% is 707.0 mA g^-1_pt, which is about 1.65 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C (429.1 mA g^-1_pt); Pt/TNC-4wt% also exhibits excellent catalytic stability, with a retention rate of 91 %. This novel support provides electrochemical performance improvement including several advantages of improved anodic current density and catalyst stability due to the well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles on the support by the introduction of TiO₂ component and nitrogen doping in carbon. Therefore, Pt/TNC-4 wt% may be electrocatalyst a promising catalyst as an anode for high-performance DMFCs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.540-546
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• 2004

We deviced a new graphite-Mn(II) electrode and found that the modified electrode with Mn(II) can catalyze NADH oxidation and $NAD^+$ reduction coupled to electricity production and consumption as oxidizing agent and reducing power, respectively. In fuel cell with graphite-Mn(II) anode and graphite-Fe(III) cathode, the electricity of 1.5 coulomb (A x s) was produced from NADH which was electrochemically reduced by the graphite-Mn(II) electrode. When the initial concentrations of pyruvate and acetaldehyde were adjusted to 40 mM and 200 mM, respectively, about 25 mM lactate and 35 mM ethanol were produced from 40 mM pyruvate and 200 mM acetaldehyde, respectively, by catalysis of ADH and LDH in the electrochemical reactor with $NAD^+$ as cofactor and electricity as reducing power. By using this new electrode with catalytic function, the bioelectrocatalysts are engineered; namely, oxidoreductase (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase) and $NAD^+$ can function for biotransformation without electron mediator and second oxidoreductase for $NAD^+$/NADH recycling.