• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.5
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• pp.79-95
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• 1996

When we see normal gait, gait cycle is seperated as stance phase and swing phase. It needs 6 determinant of gait of pelvic rotation, pelvic tilt, knee joint of stance phase, ankle and foot motion, ankle and knee motion, and pelvic movement to be accomplished. In addition, a joint and muscle action is accomplished biomechanically at the same time with its gait cycle. In oriental medicine, the relationships between chang-fu physiology and meridian physiology are summaried as follows ; ${\bullet}$ chang-fu physiology : Spleen manages the extremities. Liver manages soft tissues. Liver stores blood. Kidney stores essences. Kidney manages bones. ${\bullet}$ meridian physiology : The Leg Greater Yang Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Yang-Myeong Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Lesser Yang Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Greater Yin Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Lesser Yin Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Absolute Yin Meridian and meridian soft tissues Especially, we can find out relations between in a "blood supplied feet can walk well" that explains "blood regulations and by liver nourishing effects"that is the closest concept of muscle. Abnormal gaits are due to three causes as following; first, physical defect secoud, pain third, nervous system or instability of muscle. In oriental medicine, we can know relationship in "atrophy, numbness, stroke, convulsion, muscular dystrophy of knee, rheumatoid arthritis, five causes of infantile growing defects, five causes of softening, sprain". Especially, atrophy is the most important symptom. Gait evaluation should be emphasized where a point can walk 8 feet to 10 feet considering stride width, stride length, the body weight center, stride number, flexion, extension, rotation of a joint as a standard factor. The point is we should find out something strange in a patient's side, front and back view. After that we should find out its cause as an index that we can observe abnormal findings in a joint and muscle.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2001

Study design: Clinical results were retrospectively analyzed in 11 patients with fractures of talar neck who were treated in our department from Jan. 1994 to Dec. 1999. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-term results and to assess the prognostic factors of talar neck fractures. Material and Method: 11 cases with fractures of talar neck were reviewed retrospectively with minimum 1 year follow-up. There were 8 men & 3 women, and the average age was 25. The most common cause was traffic accident. According to the modified Hawkins classification, type I was in 4 cases, type II in 5, type III in 2, and type IV was none. All type I fractures were treated conservatively, and others were treated operatively. Results: According to Hawkins criteria, there was excellent result in 7 cases(64%), good in 2(18%), and fair in 2(18%). Post-traumatic arthritis occurred in 2 cases, but there was no avascular necrosis. Conclusion: Careful selection of method of treatment and urgent management are important prognostic factors in talar neck fractures. The longer follow-up in more cases is necessary to evaluate the long-term clinical results and complications more accurately.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the results of subtalar arthroscopy and to define the indications for the procedure. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four patients were followed up for more than 1 year after subtalar arthroscopy. The mean age was 40 years, and the mean follow-up period was 18 months. Preoperative diagnoses included sinus tarsi syndrome in 19 cases, degenerative arthritis in 13 cases, calcaneal fracture in 10 cases, arthrofibrosis in 5 cases, os trigonum syndrome in 3 cases, talar fracture in 3 cases, talocalcaneal coalition in 3 cases and calcaneal tumor in 1 case. Clinically AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale and satisfaction of the patients were evaluated. Results: There were 23 synovectomies, 13 subtalar fusions, 11 diagnostic arthroscopies, 5 adhesiolyses, 4 loose body removals, 3 excisions of os trigonum and 1 arthroscopic reduction of fracture. Twenty-five ankle arthroscopies and 11 modified Brostrom's operations were performed for the accompaning 17 ankle impingment syndromes, 11 chronic ankle instabilities and 7 osteochondral lesions of talus. AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale was increased from 33 points preoperatively to 77 points postoperatively in subtalar fusion group, and was increased from 69 points preoperatively to 89 points postoperatively in other-than-fusion group. Ninety one percent of patients were satisfied with the procedures. There were no serious complications related to the subtalar arthroscopy. Conclusion: Subtalar arthroscopy appears to be safe and highly accurate procedure for subtalar pathology, although it requires technical expertise.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2013

Purpose: Posteroanterior screw fixation is biomechanically stronger than anteroposterior screw fixation. However, there are few literature about the correlation between clinical results and more strength by posteroanterior fixation. This study was performed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the accelerated rehabilitation following anterior open reduction and posterior percutaneous screw fixation for displaced talar neck fractures. Materials and Methods: Eighteen cases were followed up for more than 1 year after posteroanterior fixation using headless compression screw for talar neck fractures. The clinical evaluation was performed according to American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and Hawkins criteria. As radiographic evaluation, the degree of fracture displacement, period to union, and occurrence rate of complications such as avascular necrosis through MRI were measured. Results: The AOFAS score was average 90.4 points at the last follow-up. There were 7 excellent, 9 good, and 2 fair results according to the Hawkins criteria. Therefore, 16 cases(88.8%) achieved satisfactory results. The degree of fracture displacement had improved significantly from preoperative average 5.6 mm to 1.2 mm immediate postoperatively, and maintained to 1.1mm at the last follow-up. All cases achieved bone union, and the period to union was average 12.4 weeks. There were 3 cases of avascular necrosis of talar body and 2 cases of post-traumatic arthritis. Conclusion: Anterior open reduction and posterior percutaneous headless screw fixation seems to be an effective surgical method for displaced talar neck fractures, because of the possibility of accurate restoration of articular surface, fixation strength enough to early rehabilitation, and needlessness of hardware removal.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.126-130
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the result of extraarticular dorsal closing wedge osteotomy in Freiberg's disease. Materials and Methods: Between February 2012 and July 2014, total 10 patients who underwent dorsal closing wedge osteotomy and followed up more than 1 year were selected for inclusion. Average age was 16.3 years, and average follow-up period was 15.5 months. The diagnosis was made using magnetic resonance imaging of those with a limitation in walking or usual activity due to pain in the metatarsal head. During operation, we removed loose body, and synovectomy was done. Osteotomy at the metatarsal neck and fixation with Kirschner wire were performed. X-ray was taken to check shortening of 2nd metatarsal and bone union. Moreover, we checked the active range of motion of 2nd metatarsophalangeal joint before and after surgery. At the last follow-up, the shortening of metatarsal, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analogue scale (VAS), and patient's subjective satisfaction were evaluated. Results: According to the Smillie's stage, there were 3 cases of stage II, 4 cases of stage III, and 3 cases of stage IV. Average bone union time on the osteotomy site was 8 weeks. Average shortening of metatarsal was 2.53 mm. Average AOFAS score improved significantly from 56.9 to 82.8 points at final follow-up (p<0.05), and average VAS score also improved significantly from 6.4 to 1.4 points at final follow-up (p<0.05). Average active range of motion at metatarsophalangeal joint improved from $28.0^{\circ}$ preoperatively to $46.5^{\circ}$ at the final follow-up. Other complications, such as metatarsalgia and arthritis, were not found; however, there was 1 case of delayed union with no symptom. Conclusion: In Freiberg's disease, dorsal closing wedge osteotomy is recommended for the improvement of clinical symptoms and range of motion.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 8- week Tai Chi exercise program on improving the risk factors for falls in the older adults with chronic arthritis pain. Method: Fifteen subjects were assigned for experimental group and thirteen were assigned for control group. The subjects of the experimental group participated in a 8 -week program of Tai Chi exercise. In order to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi program, pain intensity, postural stability, balance, gait, and flexibility of knees and ankles were measured before the first and after the 8th session Result: After a 8-week Tai Chi program, there were significant improvement in single-leg stance time with eyes open(left: p=.000, right: p=.003), total scores of balance(p=.004), total scores of gait(p=.005), and the angle of ankle dorsiflexion(p=.008) in the experimental group when compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference in pain intensity between Tai Chi group and control group(p=.054). Conclusion: These results suggest that a 8-week Tai Chi exercise program can be utilized as a safe and effective nursing program to improve on improving the risk factors for falls in the older adults with osteoarthritis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.115-126
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• 2009

Objective: By assessing the quality of methodology and synthesis of results of RCTs (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials) with herbal acupuncture (pharmacopuncture), we hope to help with administrating herbal acupuncture therapy in clinic and conducting RCT with herbal acupuncture. Methods: Reports of RCT conducted in Korea published in medical journals until February 2009 were collected. We surveyed elementary information of RCTs, evaluated randomization, double-blinding, allocation concealment and put together the results of RCTs by seven clinical topics. Results: 38 RCTs with herbal acupuncture were selected, then adequate methods for randomization and allocation concealment were found in 39% and 5% of studies. Complete double-blinding and a clear accounting of all participants were conducted in 42% and 50% of reports. The synthesis of RCTs revealed that herbal acupuncture was useful and effective on degenerative gonarthritis, omarthralgia on cerebrovascular accident, acute ankle sprain, back sprain, neck sprain, headache, rheumatoid arthritis and tennis elbow, generally. Conclusions: Although further improvement in quality of methodology of RCTs with herbal acupuncture is required, clinical usefulness of herbal acupuncture was shown especially on disorders of musculoskeletal system via RCTs.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.353-357
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• 2002

Pigmented villonodular synovitis(PVNS) usually presents as a benign proliferative monoarticular arthritis that affects the knee in 80% of cases, followed in frequency by the hip, ankle, and calcaneocuboid joint. PVNS rarely affects temporomandibular joint area. Patients typically complain of pain, locking, and recurrent swelling. Tumor progression limits the range of movement of the joint and causes it to become stiff and firm. Sometimes a palpable mass can be appreciated. Aggressive form of PVNS invades into adjacent bones and soft tissues, is confused with other types of neoplasia. Here we report 2 cases of the PVNS on a temporomadibular

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.135-146
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• 2002

Background and Purpose : This study shows the clinical effects on treatment with Rheumatoid arthritis using Aqua-acupuncture such as Ursi Fel Bovis Calculus and Cathami Flos that are known for which have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Objective and Methods : This study has been carried out Aqua-acupuncture treatment such as Cathami Flos and Ursi Fel Bovis Calculus twice or three times a week with patients diagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis on 7 criteria of US Rheumatism Academy. Results : 1. If you see the sexual distribution, it shows the rates of male and female 1: 1.83. Age distribution shows as age ascend it shows high. 2. If you see the duration distribution, it shows chronic tendency in order of more than 6 months(63.3%), 2 to 5 months, and I month. 3. If you see the invaded distribution, it shows chronic tendency in order of hand(37 cases), wrist joint(34 cases), knee joint(32 cases), ankle joint(21 cases), elbow joint(16 cases), shoulder joint(14 cases), feet(14 cases), hip joint(9 cases), low back(6 cases), neck(4 cases). 4. Seeing the mean post-therapeutic index among groups on RA factor level distinction, it shows that 0-18(normal range) scored 89.0, 19-50 scored 94.8, 51-80 scored 101.2, 81-100 scored 97.3, 101-140 scored 102.4, above 141 scored 97.5. 5. Seeing the mean post-therapeutic index among groups on CRP level distinction, it shows that 0-0.4(normal range) scored 100, 0.5-1.0 scored 48.6, 1.1-2.0 scored 34.9, 2.1-3.0 scored 35.7, 3.1-4.0 scored 37.1, 4.1-5.0 scored 53.8, above 5.0 scored 70.4. 6. Seeing the mean post-therapeutic index among groups on ESR level distinction, it shows that 0-20(normal range) scored 48.6, 21-40 scored 57.5, 41-60 scored 59.2, 61-80 scored 59.2, above 81 scored 66.0. 7. If you see the satisfactory assesment after Aqua-acupuncture treatment such as Cathami Flos and Ursi Fel Bovis Calculus, Excellent is 11 cases, Good is 14 cases, and Moderate 5 cases. Conclusion : It will be better effects, if herbal medicine, moxibustion, and acupuncture are used together with Cathami Flos and Ursi Fel Bovis Calculus on rheumatoid arthritis as chronic inflammatory disease.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 1997

Multiple surgical procedures for the correction of hallux valgus have been described. The surgical algorithm is based on the degree of deformity, patient's age, and the presence or absence of arthritis. It is known that the role of an isolated distal soft-tissue procedure is limited and the procedure must be used in conjunction with the proximal metatarsal osteotomy to correct most hallux valgus. We reviewed retrospectively the clinical & radiological results of distal soft-tissue procedure with or without proximal metatarsal osteotomy, performed in 18 patients (29 cases ) who had mild to moderate degrees af hallux valgus deformity. The results were as follows : In 20 cases with isolated soft-tissue procedures, the preoperative hallux valgus angle (HV) averaged 30.6 degrees and the postoperative HV averaged 7.3 degrees. The preoperative intermetatarsal angle (IM) averaged 12.5 degrees and postoperative IM averaged 10.4 degrees. 2. In 9 cases with the proximal metatarsal osteotomy added, the preoperative HV averaged 32.5 degrees, and the postoperative HV averaged 8.0 degrees. The preoperative IM averaged 12.5 degrees, and postoperative IM averaged 10.1 degrees. 3. There was no significant difference of loss of correction, presence of complication, patients own satisfaction, between two groups. In conclusion, as for the patients with mild to moderate degrees of hallux valgus deformities, the clinical and radiological results following distal soft tissue procedure and proximal metatarsal osteotamy are not proved to be superior to those following isolated soft-tissue procedures.