• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2007

Callus cultures of Convolvulus microphyllus Sieb. was induced on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 2,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid, 6-benzyl adenine, indole acetic acid and kinetin (1 ppm each). Methanolic extracts of whole plant, leaf, stem and leaf and stem calli were tested for anticonvulsant activity against standard drug phenytoin using maximal electroshock model on mice. It was observed that the animals treated with methanolic extracts of stem callus, leaf callus and whole plant (200 mg/kg, oral) showed significant protection against tonic convulsions induced by transcorneal electroshock. Anticonvulsant activity of methanolic extract of stem callus was comparable to that of standard drug phenytoin.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2012

Nine compounds (1 - 9), ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (1), cis-5,8,11,14,17-elcosapentaenoic acid (2), phytol (3), loliolide (4), uridine (5), thymidine (6), deoxyadenosine (7), adenine (8), and adenosine (9), were isolated from the n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Capsosiphon fulvescens. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Compounds 1 - 9 exhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 114.91 to $252.40{\mu}M$, whereas 2 - 4 showed butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 251.18 to $499.16{\mu}M$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.2514-2518
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• 2010

A very simple synthetic route of a novel SATE prodrug type of 6'-fluoro-6'-methyl-5'-noradeonosine carbocyclic nucleoside phosphonic acid is described. The key fluorinated alcohol intermediate 7 was prepared from the epoxide intermediate 6a via selective ring-opening of epoxide. Coupling of 7 with $N^6$-bis-Boc-adenine under a Mitsunobu reaction followed by phosphonation and deprotection afforded the carbocyclic phosphonic acid. The chemical stability of the bis(SATE) derivative 13 was measured at neutral (pH 7.2) and slightly acidic (Milli-Q water, pH 5.5) pH. The antiviral activity test of the SATE prodrug 13 and its parent nucleoside phosphonic acid 11 were evaluated against HIV-1.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.161-168
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• 1982

The activities of auxins and cytokinins have been examined in the growth of callus tissue derived from Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Damyang. The synthetic auxin, picloram was the most effective in promoting callus growth and the range of effective concentrations (0.1$\mu{M}$ to 32$\mu{M}$) was broad. 2, 4-D also enhanced callus growth at the optimal concentration of 3.2$\mu{M}$. NAA promoted callus growth at relatively higher concentrations than other auxins tested. IAA was less effective in supporting callus growth. Cytokinin bearing saturated side chain ($N^6$-isopentyladenine) was approximately 30 times more active than the corresponding unsaturated compound, $N^6$-($\D^2$-isopentenyl) adenine. The abilities of cytokinin-autonomous growth were also examined. Callus tissues previously grown on concentrations lower and/or higher than optimal concentrations of cytokinins were better habituated in the subsequent passage. It was suggested that the development of cytokinin autonomy may be related to dosage-concentrations of cytokinin in the previous passage.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.731-735
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• 2015

A 2-year-old female donkey (Equus asinus) was euthanized in the Pathology Department of Firat University, Elazig, Turkey. Necropsy disclosed the presence of 7 hydatid cysts distributed throughout the lung parenchyma. One of those cysts represented the parasite material of the present study and was molecularly identified through sequencing of a fragment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NADH1) gene, as Echinococcus equinus. The generated CO1 sequence supports the presence of the dominant haplotype as has been described in Europe and Africa. The NADH1 sequence was found similar to sequences reported in equids in Egypt and the United Kingdom. The molecular identification of E. equinus in a donkey is being reported for the first time in Turkey.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 2001

a, a parameter that describes how effectively photoinactivated PS II units protect their functional neighbours; car, carotenoids; ΔpH, transthylakoid pH difference; D1 protein, psbA gene product in the PS II reaction centre; f, functional fraction of PS II: F$\_$v//F$\_$m/, the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence; k$\_$d/, rate coefficient for degradation of D1 protein; k$\_$i/ and k$\_$r/, rate coefficient for photoinactivation and repair of PS II, respectively; NADP+, oxidized nicontinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; P680, the primary electron donor in the PSII reaction centre; Ph, pheophytin; PS, photosystem; Q$\_$A/, first quinone acceptor of an electron in PS II; R$\_$s/, the gross rate of D1 protein synthesis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.595-611
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• 2002

Akt/PKB protein kinase B, ALI acute lung injury, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, CREB C-AMP response element binding protein, ERK extracelluar signal-related kinase, fMLP fMet-Leu-Phe, G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL interleukin, ILK integrin-linked kinase, JNK Jun N-terminal kinase, LPS lipopolysaccharide, MAP mitogen-activated protein, MEK MAP/ERK kinase, MIP-2 macrophage inflammatory protein-2, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, MPO myeloperoxidase, NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NE neutrophil elastase, NF-kB nuclear factor-kappa B, NOS nitric oxide synthase, p38 MAPK p38 mitogen activated protein kinase, PAF platelet activating factor, PAKs P21-activated kinases, PMN polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PI3-K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PyK proline-rich tyrosine kinase, ROS reactive oxygen species, TNF-${\alpha}$ tumor necrosis factor-a.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2017

Ferroptosis is a newly recognized type of cell death that results from iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and is different from other types of cell death, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagic cell death. This type of cell death is characterized by mitochondrial shrinkage with an increased mitochondrial membrane density and outer mitochondrial membrane rupture. Ferroptosis can be induced by a loss of activity of system $X_c{^-}$ and the inhibition of glutathione peroxidase 4, followed by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, inactivation of the mevalonate and transsulfuration pathways is involved in the induction of ferroptosis. Moreover, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and p53 promote ferroptosis by increasing ROS production, while heat shock protein beta-1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 inhibit ferroptosis by reducing iron uptake. This article outlines the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of ferroptosis regulation, and explains the roles of ferroptosis in human disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.161-164
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• 1991

A rapid and accurate method is described for the determination of nucleo-bases in rumen micro-organisms. A procedure to satisfactorily hydrolyse the micro-organisms involving reaction with a mixture of readily volatile organic acids (acetic and formic acids) under high pressure, is proposed, and optimal conditions for an analytical procedure with reversed phase HPLC is described. The following nucleobases contents (mmol/kg DM) of rumen micro-organisms were found: Adenine (Ade), 82.62; Guanine (Gua), 61.34; Cytosine (Cyt), 84.61; Thymine (Thy), 35.74; Uracil (Ura), 68.62; Hypoxanthine (Hxn), 13.06; Xanthine (Xn), 8.35. Total purine-N content (g/kg N) of rumen micro-organisms were 99.60. The nucleic acid N content (g/kg N) of microbial isolates were: RNA-N, 109.9; DNA-N, 50.9.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.88-92
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• 2004

In this study; a series of 2',4'-doubly branched carbocyclic nucleosides (8,9,10) were synthesized from simple acyclic ketone derivative as starting material. The installation of the 4'-quaternary carbon needed was carried out using a 〔3,3〕-sigmatropic rearrangement. In addition, the introduction of a methyl group in the 2'-position was accomplished by Grig-nard reaction. Bis-vinyl was successfully cyclized using a Grubbs' catalyst II. The natural bases (adenine, cytosine, uracil) were efficiently coupled with the use of a Pd(0) catalyst. Although all the synthesized compounds were assayed against several viruses, only cytosine analogue 9 showed weak antiviral viral activity (EC$_{50}$=45.4 $\mu$M) against CoxB3 virus.s.