• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.902-908
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• 2009

In this study, we investigated the quality of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea L.) fermented by Bacillus subtilis at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. We determined the changes in temperature, the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, carbohydrate, solid content, pH, Brix, salinity, free amino acid, Hunter's color value, electron donating ability (EDA) activities and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and carbohydrate after fermentation to mixing ratio of glasswort were $10.45{\sim}30.18%$, $11.69{\sim}19.26%$, $17.65{\sim}25.56%$ and $21.01{\sim}59.10%$ (dry basis), respectively. The solid content, pH, sugar and salinity of fermented glasswort were $39.56{\sim}52.25%$, $6.01{\sim}6.71$, $1.2{\sim}1.7$ Brix and $0.3{\sim}0.6%$, respectively. Total amino acid level of the fermented glasswort was $447.57{\sim}668.89\;mg$/100 g, and was the highest in glasswort mixed with rice bran at a ratio of 1 (w) : 1 (w). Moreover, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, $\beta$-aminoisobutyric acid, lysine and arginine were the main free amino acids. EDA activities and ACE inhibition after fermentation were $46.66{\pm}1.21{\sim}50.87{\pm}1.84%$ and $96.77{\pm}1.23{\sim}97.56{\pm}1.23%$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2002

A hot water extract was prepared from the artificially grown Gastrodia elata to investigate its chemical composition and various in vitro biological activities as an effort to develop G. elata as health/functional food materials. The contents of crude protein, ash, fat, fiber, moisture and total sugar were 5.4, 2.6, 3.6, 3.3, 8.1 and 77% (w/w), respectively. The extract of G. elata had greater amount of potassium (1,150 mg/100 g) than phosphorus (300 mg/100 g). Dose-dependence against human carcinoma (Hep3B, MCF-7, A549 and AGS) were observed from 0.2 mg/ml to 1.0 mg/ml. Especially, the treatment of 1.0 mg/ml extracts showed the highest cytotoxicity with 83% against gastric carcinoma (AGS). The extracts showed weak antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but practically no antimicrobial activity against the other microorganisms tested. The effect of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition was 64% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) of the extract in the range of $0.2{\sim}1.0mg/ml$ showed $63{\sim}89%$, and the highest ACE inhibition was 89% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of extracts. The highest activity of glutathion S-transferase (GST) was 221 % at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of the G. elata extracts. These results suggest that G. elata may be used as health/functional food materials.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.992-999
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Bambusae Caulis in liquamen (BCL) on blood circulation in animal models. Previous studies on BCL have shown effects on thrombolytic activity and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. In the mouse model, the triglyceride content were 301.5 mg/dL in the high fat diet+BCL II 0.01% group, 289.2 mg/dL in the high fat diet+BCL II 0.05% group, which was significantly lower than the high fat diet group. The total cholesterol content was 311.9 mg/dL in high fat diet+BCL II 0.01% and 293.7 mg/dL in high fat diet+BCL II 0.01% 0.05%, respectively, which was significantly lower than the high fat diet group. The HDL-cholesterol level was 206.0 mg/dL for the high fat diet, 196.6 mg/dL for the high fat diet+BCL II, and 189.2 mg/dL for the high fat diet+BCL II. There was no significant difference between the 0.01% and 0.05% groups. The high-fat diet+0.05% group was significantly improved in the blood flow compare to the high fat diet and the high fat diet+0.01% group. Platelet aggregation inhibition ability was inhibited in the high fat diet+0.01% and 0.05% groups compared to the high fat diet group.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.367-376
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate 1he quality characteristics of 1he soybean anchovy sauces added with medicinal herbs, Saururu chinensis Baill. and Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and fermented for 4 months. The total nitrogen content of 1he soybean anchovy sauce increased with the fermentation time showing the highest values in the sauce with Houttuynia cordata Thunb.. The contents of total sugar and reduced sugar were high in the order of the sauces with Houttuynia cordata Thunb.(sauce T), with Saururu chinensis Baill.(sauce B), and control. The content of salt decreased much more in the sauces with medicinal herbs. After 4 months of fermentation, pH was lowered from 5.86 to 5.27 in control, to 5.38 and 5.54 in sauce B and sauce T, respectively. Generally the total aerobic bacterial count increased until 3 months of fermentation and then decreased, and the addition of medicinal hems reduced the count especially showing apparent reduction in the sauce T. During the fermentation, total protease activity generally increased with the highest value in the sauce T. In the changes of nucleotides and their related compounds, the contents of AMP, ADP, and ATP were increased and hypoxanthine decreased during the fermentation, and IMP produced after 3 months. The soybean anchovy sauce B had 1he highest IMP and the lowest hypoxanthine after 4 months. The content of total amino acids increased showing 177.1 mg% and 134.7 mg% in the sauce B and sauce T respectively compared with 171.2 mg% of control. The contents of glutamic acid and aspartic acid were 29.2 mg% in sauce B and 34.3 mg% in sauce T, which were higher compared with 25.9 mg% of control. The fermented soybean anchovy sauce had 1he functionality of ACE inhibition with 70.5% (control), 72.5% (sauce B) and 81.6% (sauce T). In the results of sensory evaluation, the sance T scored the highest and the sauce B was preferred to control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.443-456
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• 2003

The lyophilization of the solution extracted from 60 percent of acetone applied to persimmon leaves, the compounding process in accordance with the solution's concentration, and the gel filteration through Sephadex G-50 of biologically activated substances obstructing enzyme activity, such as tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase, and angiotesin converting enzyme (ACE) led to the assumption that polyphenol was the compound serving as biologically activated substances obstructing enzyme activity. Xanthine oxidase involved in pruine metabolism oxidizes hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid. In the continuous study for natural compound, nine flavan-3-ols have been isolated from the persimmon leaves. The structures of (+)-catechin, (+)-gallocatechin, procyanidin B-1, pyrocyanidin C-1, prodelphinidin B-3, gallocatechin-$(4{\alpha}{\rightarrow}8)$-catechin, procyanidin B-7-3-O-gallate, procyanidin C-1-3'-3'-3'-O-trigallate and (-)-epigallocatechin-$(4{\alpha}{\rightarrow}8)$-epigallocatechin-$(4{\alpha}{\rightarrow}8)$-catechin were established by NMR and their inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase activity was investigated. Procyanidin B-7-3-O-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-$(4{\alpha}{\rightarrow}8)$-epigallocatechin-$(4{\alpha}{\rightarrow}8)$-catechin and procyanidin C-1-3'-3'-3'-O-trigallate showed 94%, 90.69%, 80.90% inhibition at $100\;({\mu})M$ and inhibited on the angiotensin converting enzyme respectively. Procyanidin B-7-3-O-gallate and procyanidin C-1-3'-3'-3'-O-trigallate showed 66%, 63% inhibition at $100\;({\mu})M$ and inhibited on the xanthine oxidase competitively. Procyanidin C-1-3'-3'-3'-O-trigallate showed 70% inhibition at $100\;({\mu})M$ and inhibited on the tyrosinase competitively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2017

In this study, graviola leaf extracts (GLE) was investigated for the effect of antioxidant, antibacterial, whitening, anti-wrinkle. The antioxidant effect of GLE was measured by an electron donating ability assay. As a result, GLE increased the electron donating ability in a concentration-dependent manner. The antibacterial effect of GLE was found to show the higher antibacterial effect in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CCARM3115 compared with that of ampicillin by a paper disc method. The whitening effect of GLE was also measured by tyrosinase inhibition assay, and it was found that the tyrosinase activity of GLE decreased as the concentration increased. The inhibition activity of tyrosinase involved in hydroxylation reaction which is related to converting L-tyrosine to (DOPA) was higher than that of arbutin's at the concentration ranging from 125 to $250{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, GLE reduced melanin contents of B16-F10 melanoma cells in a dose-dependant manner and decreased to about 76.7% at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$ Regarding wrinkling formation of GLE, an elastase inhibition assay was performed. As a result, GLE and ursolic acid were 10.5% and 56.5%, respectively under the identical concentration. These results suggest that GLE has significant antioxidant and whitening activities, and also may be potentially used as a therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation treatment as an ingredient of whitening cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.460-465
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• 2005

Water and ethanol extracts from Rue were prepared, and their growth inhibiting activity against Helicobacter pylori and other biological activities were examined. Total phenolic compounds in the water and ethanol extracts were present at the concentration of 16.39 mg/g, and 17.07 mg/g, respectively. At the concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolic compounds concentration, water extract produced 12 mm inhibition zone while ethanol extract produced 13 mm. The ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical decolorization and antioxidant protection factor (PF) were determined for extracts from Rue. Water extracts showed $96\%$ inhibition rate on ABTS, but ethanol extracts showed higher PF (1.2) than water extracts (0.8). Water extracts had higher electron donation ability on DPPH than ethanol extracts. But ethanol extracts had higher ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities than water extracts. Rosemarinic acid and quercetin were the most abundant phenolic compounds as analyzed by HPLC.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2011

This study was conducted to provide information for improving the quality characteristics of Buckwheat Soksungjang (BWS). We determined aminotype nitrogen content, total microbial flora counts, the population of Bacillus cereus, presence of volatile compounds, fibrinolytic activity, antioxidant activity, ACE inhibition rate, and a sensory evaluation. The aminotype nitrogen increased gradually during fermentation. We found a decreasing population of B. cereus during fermentation, thus, the edible period for BWS was more than 30 days after fermentation. Acetaldehyde, butanol, and pyrazine were detected as volatile compounds after fermentation. The fibrinolytic activities of a 10% BWS water extract were high at 120.8 units compared to the control (71.6 units). In a sensory evaluation, Soksungjang with 60% added BW showed a significantly higher score (p < 0.001) for color, taste, smell, texture, and overall. The results suggest that a new type of shortened fermented soybean paste had good safety, bioactivities, and sensory characteristics within 4 weeks.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2010

This study was aimed to investigate the contents of flavonoids and the biological activity of fermented beverage of medical plants, DeulBit (DB). 50 g of Cassia semen (Cassia tora L.), 50 g of Omija (Schisandra chinensis Baillon.), 50 g of Gugija (Lycium chinense Mill), 50g of Menthae herba, 75 g of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne, 25 g of Dioscorea batatas, 5 g of Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 150 g of Polygonatum odoratum, 25 g of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 25 g of Acanthopanacis cortex, 100 g of green tea (Camellia sinensis), and 100 g of Laminaria japonica was fermented with sucrose ($50.0{\sim}60.0^{\circ}Brix$.) and 0.5% of deep sea water in 10 L of distilled water for six months at room temperature. Total flavonoids contents of DB was calculated to $3.4{\pm}0.5\;{\mu}g/g$ and antioxidative activity of DB was measured by using DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity of DB was 96% and 29% at 100% of DB, respectively. In addition, DB indicated about 88% and 66% of the xanthine oxidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities at 1% and 10% of DB, respectively and showed fibrinolytic activity. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was increased to 15 times by addition of DB. In addition, NO productions of the macrophages RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were reduced to 40.4% by addition of DB. These results suggested that DB is significant role for antioxidative and fibrinolytic activity, and have the strong xanthine oxidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.345-360
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was examined to investigate the effects of Cheonmagudeng-um gagam (CGG) extract on spontaneous hypertension. Methods : For the study of CGG, we divided rats into three groups. The normal group was Wister Kyoto rats (WKY). The control group was spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The treatment group was SHR which were administered CGG extract (SHR-CGG). SHR-CGG were orally administered CGG extract that was diluted in distilled water at the various concentrations for 4 weeks (234.5 mg/kg) and SHR were orally administered the same dosage of plain distilled water as SHR-CGG. Then we measured anti-oxygen effects, ACE inhibitory activity, weight of heart and kidney, blood pressure, heart rate, plasma aldosterone, electrolyte, creatinine, uric acid, BUN, and observed the cortex of the cardiac muscle, kidney, and adrenal gland. Results : CGG increased DPPH scavenging activity and SOD similar activity depending on the concentration. CGG significantly decreased ROS, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, heart weight, blood pressure, heart rate, aldosterone, and BUN in SHR. CGG increased ACE inhibition activity depending on the concentration. CGG inhibited the heart, kidney and adrenal gland tissue injury that is caused by hypertension. Conclusions : These results suggest that CGG is effective in treatment and prevention of hypertension.