• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2014

In the present study, we investigated the biological activities of Xylosma congesta leaf ethanol extract (XCO) using a variety of in vitro and cell culture model systems for anti-melanogenic, anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. First, XCO markedly inhibited ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells. Secondly, XCO marginally induced procollagen synthesis in CCD-986SK cells. Thirdly, XCO dose-dependently suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. XCO did not affect cell viability at different concentrations used in this study, indicating that XCO-mediated inhibition of melanin, procollagen and NO synthesis is not mediated by cytotoxicity. Finally, XCO was found to exert anti-oxidant effect. Taken together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that XCO possesses anti-melanogenic, anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities, and suggest further evaluation and development of XCO as a functional supplement or cosmetic that may be useful for whitening skin, reducing wrinkles and treating inflammatory responses.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2020

This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of 70% ethanol extract from Ambrosia trifida L. (AT). The electron donating ability and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging ability of extract from AT was shown to be 84.1% and 92.5% at 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. The astringent effect of extract from AT was shown to be 94.7% at 1,000 ㎍/ml. The anti- inflammatory activities of extract of AT were investigated using RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The cell toxicity effect of AT extract on RAW 264.7 performed MTT assay. As a result of the measured cell toxicity effect, 90% or more was shown with cell viability at a 500 ㎍/ml concentration. In nitric oxide synthesis inhibition effect, it was shown that extract from AT concentration dependent inhibited nitric oxide production. The protein expression inhibitory effect of AT extract was measured by western blot at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentration and the β-actin used as a positive control. Consequently, the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein expression inhibitory effect was decreased by 8.6%, 25.1% at 100 ㎍/ml concentration. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase and Iκ-Bα protein expression inhibitory effect was a decreased dependent concentration. The mRNA expression inhibitory effect was measured by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/ml concentration and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase used as a positive control. Consequently, the iNOS, COX-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression inhibition effect was a decreased dependent concentration in an LPS-activated macrophage. In conclusion, AT extract may have some effects on inflammatory factors as potential anti-inflammatory agents and natural substance for cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1732-1739
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• 2016

The general components and cyclitol compounds of ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) were analyzed to examine the possibility of using extracts as functional food materials, the antioxidant effects and antidiabetic activities of the extracts by solvent fraction were tested. Among the mineral contents, contents of K and Na were the largest ($1,213.33{\pm}2.52$ and $545.53{\pm}12.01mg/100g$, respectively), followed by S, Ca, P, and Mg in order of precedence. Among cyclitol compounds, content of D-pinitol was the largest ($4.04{\pm}0.08mg/g$) while contents of chiro-inositol and myo-inositol were relatively small ($2.82{\pm}0.01$ and $0.25{\pm}0.01mg/g$, respectively). Among total phenol contents by solvent fraction, contents of chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were large ($35.80{\pm}1.33$ and $23.70{\pm}0.62mg\;GAE/g$, respectively). Among antioxidant activity levels examined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and lipid/MA assays, the chloroform fraction commonly showed the highest level of activity while the ethyl acetate fraction showed relatively high levels of activity. The antioxidant activity levels were proportional to total phenol contents by solvent fraction. As for antidiabetic effects, all solvent fractions showed at least 50% ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity levels while the ethyl acetate, butanol, and chloroform fractions showed high levels activity of $90.33{\pm}0.40$, $87.98{\pm}0.16$, and $86.38{\pm}0.51%$, respectively. The ${\alpha}-amylase$ inhibitory actively levels were in the range of $25.63{\pm}1.45{\sim}60.34{\pm}2.67%$, which was lower than the ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity levels, but the inhibitory activity levels by solvent fraction were similar. Given the above study results, ice plant can be utilized as a natural material with antioxidative and antidiabetic functionality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.695-702
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of seed vinegar on antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activities of concentrated blueberry vinegar (CBV). Of the nine strains of yeast and six strains of acetic acid bacteria provided by the Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, each strain of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae SRCM 100610, showing the highest ethanol content) and acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter pasteurianus SRCM 101342, showing the highest total acidity) was selected for production of CBVs. Sugar content, pH, total acidity, total phenolic content (TPC), and browning intensity (280 nm and 420 nm) in CBVs using concentrated blueberry juice were $11.05{\sim}12.70^{\circ}Brix$, 2.63~2.98, 1.65~5.72%, 3.03~4.24 mg/mL, 0.95~1.50, and 0.11~0.20, respectively. Sugar content and total acidity of CBVs increased upon addition of seed vinegar, whereas pH, TPC, and browning intensity decreased. Of all CBVs with various additions of seed vinegar, the control showed the lowest $EC_{50}$ values in DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, and reducing power (23.80, 19.48, and 79.21 dilution factor, respectively), whereas the 40% seed vinegar group showed the highest clear zone diameter values for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus (4.31, 4.59, 5.81, and 3.97, respectively). Antioxidant activities of CBVs were closely correlated with their TPC, browning intensity at 280 nm, pH, and total acidity values, showing correlation determination coefficient ($R^2$) values higher 0.82. However, antimicrobial activities of CBVs were closely correlated with their pH and total acidity values, showing higher $R^2$ values more than 0.92. These results suggest that CBVs using concentrated blueberry juice, S. cerevisiae SRCM 100610, and A. pasteurianus SRCM 101342 may be useful as potentially functional foods for enhancing health.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.430-436
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• 2018

This study aimed to analyze charantin and lutein from fresh bitter melon (FBM) for their antioxidant and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities. We subsequently compared our results with charantin and lutein content of pickled bitter melon (PBM11, PBM13, PBM51, and PBM53), obtained by brining (1 and 5% salt) and blanching (1 and 3 min). Charantin, lutein, $\text\tiny{L}$-ascorbic acid, and total polyphenolic content in FBM were $777.92{\pm}27.59$, $16.87{\pm}2.07$, $94.78{\pm}0.61$, and $22.07{\pm}0.74mg$ catechin equivalents/g on dry basis, respectively. Antioxidant activity of 5 mg/L FBM extract was $31.76{\pm}0.42%$ in ABTS assay and $56.19{\pm}2.39%$ in DPPH assay; ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 0.5 mg/L FBM extract was $55.60{\pm}1.34%$. Charantin and lutein content of all PBM samples were higher than control without brining and blanching treatments, those in PBM53 being $375.63{\pm}9.03$ and $4.07{\pm}0.40mg/100g$, respectively. These showed that brining and blanching in pickling process were very effective in retaining charantin and lutein in bitter melon.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.909-918
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• 2017

Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) was fermented in brine in the form of mulkimchi (IPMB), and its contents of organic acid and cyclitols and biological activities were compared with those before fermentation. The pH of the IPMB continuously decreased until the sixth day of fermentation. The lactic acid yield was greatest on the fourth day. D-pinitol in ice plant mulkimchi solids (IPMS) decreased during fermentation. However, myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol increased. The radical scavenging activities of ABTS and DPPH, in addition to the activity of FRAP, of the IPMS extract were generally higher after fermentation, with the activities highest on the fifth ($79.09{\pm}0.69%$), fourth ($87.55{\pm}1.21%$), and sixth ($78.72{\pm}0.99%$) days of fermentation, respectively, when treated with 1 mg/ml of the extract. As shown by a lipid/MA assay, antioxidant activity was generally higher after fermentation. The viability of BNL CL.2 cells damaged by t-BHP, $H_2O_2$, and ethanol was $14.19{\pm}0.98$, $13.80{\pm}2.25$, and $25.89{\pm}2.90%$, respectively. When treated with $200{\mu}g/ml$ of IPMS extract, the cell viability was $57.06{\pm}4.52%$ on the first day, and $66.06{\pm}1.36%$ on the fourth day, and $50.07{\pm}04.85%$ on the sixth day of fermentation. Hepatocyte protective effects did not increase significantly after fermentation. ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity was quite high, with a range of $83.52{\pm}2.69$ to $92.79{\pm}2.16%$, and the activity increased gradually in all the groups over the fermentation period. There was no clear correlation between ${\alpha}-amylase$ inhibitory activity and fermentation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2016

This study was conducted for comparison of ingredients, phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do, and Jeolla-do. Three contents of Wofiporia extensa were analyzed as oxygen (46~48%), carbon (38~39%), hydrogen (6.05~6.1%) and nitrogen (0.17~0.21%). The mineral contents of 50% ethanol Wofiporia extensa extracts were measured as sulfur (S) 145~149 ppm, Magnesium (Mg) 69~72 ppm, phosphorus (P) 122~154 ppm and calcium (Ca) 210.61~509.98 ppm. Wofiporia extensa from Gyeongsang-do (509.98 ppm) contained a significantly higher quantity of Ca than that from Gangwon-do (210.62 ppm) and Jeolla-do (223.88 ppm). In the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, oleic acid was identified in three 50% ethanol Wofiporia extensa extracts. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay for antioxidant activity, the $IC_{50}$ values of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do and Jeolla-do were calculated as 2.966 mg/mL, 23.03 mg/mL, and 4.16 mg/mL and 3.521 mg/mL, 12.17 mg/mL, and 7.40 mg/mL. In the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, the $IC_{50}$ values of Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do, Gyeongsang-do, Jeolla-do were 6.585 mg/mL, 19.06 mg/mL, and 18.97 mg/mL, respectively. In summary, Wofiporia extensa cultured in Gangwon-do had stronger antioxidant activity and higher concentration of oleic acid than that of Geyongsang-do and Jeolla-do. However, Wofiporia extensa cultured in Geyongsang-do contained a much higher concentration of Ca than that of Gangwon-do and Jeolla-do.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.248-253
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• 2017

This study was conducted to analyze the anti-oxidant activity of green juice containing barley sprouts. The specimens used in the experiments were supplied byCSJ company located in Jincheon-gun, Chungbuk province. Polyphenol and flavonoid was detected in Huttuynia cordata Thunb fermentation sprout juiceat $1.075{\pm}0.174mg/mL$ and $2.736{\pm}0.187\;quercetin\;mg/mL$, in organic dandelion at $1.048{\pm}0.173mg/mL$ and $2.685{\pm}0.245\;quercetin\;mg/mL$, kan andRakat $1.013{\pm}0.083mg/mL$ and $3.624{\pm}0.237\;quercetin\;mg/mL$, broccoli blending juice at $1.494{\pm}0.255mg/mL$ and $3.826{\pm}0.286\;quercetin\;mg/mL$, and barley sprouts at $1.043{\pm}0.220mg/mL$ and $1.990{\pm}0.223\;quercetin\;mg/mL$, respectively.Antioxidant activity testing revealed the electron donating ability of Huttuynia cordata Thunb fermentation sprout juice for DPPH was 81.97%. Moreover, the free radical scavenging ability measured by ABTS assay showed that the activity was increased in the order of broccoli blending juice, Huttuynia cordata Thunb fermentation sprout juice, organic dandelion, 'kan andRak', barley sprout, and thatthe effects were similar to those of ascorbic acid at $100{\mu}g/mL$. Statistical processing is using SPSS 24, analysis of distributed layout and Duncan's multiple range (p<0.05). Therefore, the use of functional assistance material of products in the future indicates that it is worth a healthy functional drink.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1163-1169
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• 2018

In order to utilize the residue that is thrown away after an onion harvest, we analyzed the physiological activity and cytotoxicity of fermented and hot water extracts of the residue. The pH of the extracts were all acidic, and organic matter content was 0.75% in the fermented extract and four times more than 0.19% in the hot water extract. The contents of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, calcium, and magnesium components, except for the potassium component among macroelements, were higher in the fermented extract than in the hot water extract. The content of iron and silicon among the micro-elements was also higher in the fermented extract than in the hot water extract. In addition, the content of boron was higher in the hot water extract than in the fermented extract. The total polyphenol contents of the fermented and hot water extracts were $16.2{\pm}3.3mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ and $14.6{\pm}1.4mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively, which was $1.6mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ higher in the fermented extract than in the hot water extract. However, the total flavonoid contents of the fermented and hot water extracts were $0.1{\pm}0.1mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ and $4.8{\pm}0.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively, which was $4.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ higher in the hot water extract than in the fermented extract. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability for antioxidant activity were higher in the hot water extract than the fermented extract. The cytotoxicity of the extract using MTT assay showed cell viability of 101.6% and 97.9% in the fermented and hot water extracts, respectively. It was confirmed that there was no cytotoxicity in either extract.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.849-856
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, organic acids, amino acids, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect of Solanum nigrum Linne fruits according to harvest time. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum fruit, and the free sugar contents varied significantly with harvest time. Organic acid content of S. nigrum fruit showed the highest in malic acid and acetic acid, and the highest content of total organic acids was found in S. nigrum fruit harvested on October $18^{th}$ and October $25^{th}$. For the total polyphenol content, S. nigrum fruit harvested on October $18^{th}$ was the highest. The strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was showed in S. nigrum fruit harvested on October $11^{th}$ and October $18^{th}$. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the ethanol extract from S. nigrum fruit collected on October $18^{th}$ and October $11^{th}$. Thus, it seems the best to harvest of S. nigrum fruit harvested on October $11^{th}$ and October $18^{th}$.