• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.340-360
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• 2010

The depletion of fossil fuels, ecological problems associated with $CO_2$ emissions climate change, growing world population, and future energy supplies are forcing the development of alternative resources for energy (heat and electricity), transport fuels and chemicals: the replacement of fossil resources with $CO_2$ neutral biomass. Several options exist to cover energy supplies of the future, including solar, wind, and water power; however, chemical carbon source can get from biomass only. When used in combination with environmental friend production and processing technology, the use of biomass can be seen as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical feedstocks. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and chemical products from petroleum. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals from biomass. Biorefinery is the co-production of a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, materials, and chemicals) and energy (fuels, power, and heat) from biomass [definition IEA Bioenergy Task 42]. By producing multiple products, a biorefinery takes advantage of the various components in biomass and their intermediates therefore maximizing the value derived from the biomass feedstocks. A biorefinery could, for example, produce one or several low-volume, but high-value, chemical or nutraceutical products and a low-value, but high-volume liquid transportation fuel such as biodiesel or bioethanol. Future biorefinery may play a major role in producing chemicals and materials as a bridge between agriculture and chemistry that are traditionally produced from petroleum. Industrial biotechnology is expected to significantly complement or replace the current petroleum-based industry and to play an important role.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.215-225
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• 2016

This study seeks to find an alternative to the requirement for proving the competitiveness of Korean performing arts before entering into the overseas market by deriving the factors causing entry into the market to be delayed based on an analysis of the current status. Between 2007 to 2014, the overseas revenues from Korean performing arts increased by 16.4% compared to the total amount of financial support, as the number of free performances given overseas and the average guaranteed number of performances overseas are both at a standstill. Also, the size of the audience increased by a mere 3.3 times, which is an even lower growth rate than that for the number of performances, 3.8 times, during the same period. Furthermore, the audience size per unit is suffering from long-term stagnation. The main causes are as follows: 1) applying one-dimensional methods to performing arts exchanges and expanding the overseas market, 2) the existing confused concepts between profit and non-profit contents, 3) the weaknesses of the market expansion strategy, because of programming practices focusing on providers, such as presenters and producers, rather than consumers. As a result, the necessary basic research, including consumer surveys, has not been done yet. In order to understand the implications of this analysis and solve the problem of the delayed overseas expansion of Korean performing arts, the Korean wave industry was examined as a representative example. Consumer surveys for the performing arts, possibly benchmarked to the "Korean Wave Consumer Survey Index (KWCSI)", are expected to be done in the near future. In addition, through the development of a specific consumer index of the performing arts, customized marketing strategies by continent and country need to be established. This empirical study of the overseas expansion of performing arts can be utilized as a bridge between the academic and real worlds. This work may also enable a variety of strategies to be established for the overseas expansion of the performing arts.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.255-262
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• 2002

This experiment was performed to improve the stability of Lactobacillus fermentum YL-3 as a poultry probiotics. The culture conditions that improve acid tolerance of L. fermentum YL-3 were investigated by changing several factors such as medium composition, temperature, anaerobic incubation and culture time. Also, L. fermentum YL-3 was encapsulated with alginate, calcium chloride and chitosan. The stable culture conditions of L. fermentum YL-3 were obtained in anaerobic incubation using MRS media without tween 80 for 20 hour at $42^{\circ}C$. The capsule after treatment with 1% chitosan was formed close membrane by a bridge bond. Immobilization of L. fermentum YL-3 in capsule was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and cell viability was $2.0{\times}10^9\;CFU/g$ above the average. L. fermentum YL-3 capsule after acid treated at pH 2.0 for 3 hour survived about 40%, but those encapsulated with 1% chitosan survived about 65%. Survival rate of capsule stored at room temperature decreased about $2{\sim}3$ log cycle during 3 weeks, but viability of capsule stored at $4^{\circ}C$ during 3 weeks maintained almost $10^8\;CFU/g$ levels.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.703-711
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• 2015

The high dental treatment cost has been considered as one of the major reasons for inappropriate dental treatment in Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the opinions of expansion of National Health Insurance (NHI) in dental treatment fields not covered with NHI and buying private dental insurance. This survey was carried out targeting 266 adults from their 30s to 50s with convenience sampling. The higher orders in stress of dental treatment cost were orthodontic treatment, dental implant, prosthodontic treatment, and caries treatment not covered with NHI. The higher orders in needs of expansion of NHI were caries treatment not covered with NHI, prosthodontic treatment, and orthodontic treatment. The agreement percentages with age restriction in NHI were scaling 57.1%, denture 23.3%, implant 14.3%, respectively. The subjective oral health had impact on the stress of dental treamtent cost and expansion on NHI. Although only 8.3% subjects had private dental insurance, 68.4% of the subjects had positive opinions buying private dental insurance. The correlation coefficients between stress of dental treatment cost and buying private dental insurance were implant 0.408, caries treatment not covered with NHI 0.404, denture 0.394, crown and bridge 0.375, and orthodontic treatment 0.313. Expansion of NHI in dental treatment and development of private dental insurance was suggested to treat dental disease in appropriate time.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 1981

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of four commercially available low gold-based crown and bridge alloy produced in Korea. Four dental casting gold-silver-palladium alloys, i.e., A, B, C and D (code of alloys) were selected for the evaluation of chemical composition, ultimate tensile strength, elongation. values and Vickers hardness. The chemical composition of test specimens was analyzed by both emission spectrography and wet gravitation method with a 1.5gm of low gold ingot. The tensile properties and Vickers hardness was determined with cast specimens treated in following three conditions; as-cast, softening heat treatment and hardening heat treatment. The tensile testing bars were cast in accordance with the model designed by Gettleman and Harrison (1969) which was modified from the A. D. A. Specification No. 14 for dental chromium-cobalt casting alloy. Nine tensile test specimens were made from a split silicone mold for each of the test alloys to the size of 2.5mm in diameter and a gauge length of 10mm. All four alloys were handled in accordance with conventional methods used in Type III gold alloys. Ultimate tensile strength and elongation were measured on an Instron Universal Tensile Testing Machine (Model 1125, Japan) operated at a crosshead rate of 0.1cm/min. Elongation values were measured using Digital Measuring Microscope (MS-152, FUSOH, Japan). Vickers hardness was determined with a Vickers Hardness Tester (Model VKH-l, Japan) at a 1.0kg load on a mounted tensile test specimen. The following results were obtained from this study; 1. All tested alloys were composed of Au, Ag, Pd, Cu, Zn and Fe in common. The composition rate of gold for all four alloys was found in the range of $42{\sim}47$ weight % as shown below. Alloy A; Au 45%, Ag 40.2%, Pd 5.76%, others 9.04%. Alloy B; Au 47.1%, Ag 29.03%, Pd 6.98%, others 16.92%. Alloy C; Au 45%, .Ag 26.9%, Pd 6.83%, others 21.07%. Alloy D; Au 41.8%, Ag 34.4%, Pd 6.95%, others 16.85%. 3. The ultimate tensile strength of the four alloys was in the range of $31{\sim}82kg/mm^2$. The test results were shown in the below order from the highest value; As-cast condition; D, B, C, A. Softening heat treament; B, C, D, A. Hardening heat treatment; D, B, C, A. 4. The test :results of the elongation rate for each alloy were in the range of $0.5{\sim}18%$. The test results were shown in the below order from the highest value; As-cast condition; A, D, B, C. Softening heat treatment; A, C, D, B. Hardening heat treatment; C, D, B, A. 5. Vickers hardness for each of the four alloys was in the range of $120{\sim}230$. The test results were shown in the below order from the highest value; As-cast condition; C, B, D, A Softening heat treatment; D, B, C, A. Hardening heat treatment; D, A, C, B. 6. There were no differences in the physical properties between as-cast condition and softening heat treatment.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.194-201
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• 2015

We have investigated the EPR signal properties in 12 components of two mobile phones (LCD, OLED) using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer in this study.EPR measurements were performed at normal atmospheric conditions using Bruker EXEXSYS-II E500 spectrometer with X-band bridge, and samples were irradiated by $^{137}Cs$ gamma-ray source. To identify the presence of radiation-induced signal (RIS), the EPR spectra of each sample were measured unirradiated and irradiated at 50 Gy. Then, dose-response curve and signal intensity variating by time after irradiation were measured. As a result, the signal intensity increased after irradiation in all samples except the USIM plastic and IC chip. Among the samples, cover glass(CG), lens, light guide plate(LGP) and diffusion sheet have shown fine linearity ($R^2$ > 0.99). Especially, the LGP had ideal characteristics for dosimetry because there were no signal in 0 Gy and high rate of increase in RIS. However, this sample showed weakness in fading. Signal intensity of LGP and Diffusion Sheet decreased by 50% within 72 hours after irradiation, while signals of Cover Glass and Lens were stably preserved during the short period of time. In order to apply rapidly EPR dosimetry using mobile phone components in large-scale radiation accidents, further studies on signal differences for same components of the different mobile phone, fading, pretreatment of samples and processing of background signal are needed. However, it will be possible to do dosimetry by dose-additive method or comparative method using unirradiated same product in small-scale accident.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1977.06a
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• pp.4.4-5
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• 1977

The vibratory energy introduced into the external ear canal is changed by the mechanical factors of eardrum itself, the motility of ossicles, and the air cushion of tympanic cavity and the like. This study was designed to investigate the volume of middle ear cavity and mastoid air cell system as a factor of determining the accoustic impedance of middle ear system. The author studied how the increase in air volume of middle ear cavity effects on the acoustic impedance of middle ear system with dogs' ears and researched the correlation between the degree of pneumatization of temporal bones and the acoustic impedance of middle ear system by comparing the radiological findings of pneumatization (Law's and Towne's projection) with the acoustic impedance measurements with Madsen ZO 70. The result is as follows: 1 The tympanometric findings in control state revealed the curves of type A, and did not change in its configuration by the increase in the air volume of dogs middle ear system. 2. The static compliance of middle ear revealed a distinct and linear increase in proportion to the increase in air volume of middle ear system; the rate of increase was $0.05{\pm}0.02$ cc of static compliance per cc of air volume. 3. Authenticated in the above result and the tendency to increase in static compliance in proportion to the increase in the degree of pneumatization of temporal bones, there was significant regression equation between the degree of pneumatization of temporal bones (x variable) and the static compliance of middle ear system; $y=0.19x{\pm}0.16{\pm}0.05$ It is suggested that the difference in volume of middle ear system plays an important role in the change of the static compliance of middle ear, and the author concludes that the measurement of static compliance of middle ear has clinical value as diagnostic means of evaluating the degree of pneumatization of temporal bones along with some radiological examination.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop an optimal composite recipe for a cookie including yam powder that would be attractive to all age groups. Wheat flour was partially substituted by yam powder to reduce the content of wheat flour. This study has produced the sensory optimal composite recipe by making cookies, respectively with each 5 level of yam powder $(X_1)$, Sugar$(X_2)$, butter$(X_3)$, by C.C.D (Central Composite Design) and conducting sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis by means of RSM (Response Surface Methodology). Sensory items showed very significant values in color, softness, overall quality (p<0.01), flavor (p<0.05) and those of instrumental analysis showed significant values in lightness, redness (p<0.05), spread ratio, hardness (p<0.01). Also sensory optimal ratio of yam cookie was calculated at yam powder 37.35 g, sugar 50.75 g, butter 78.40 g and it was revealed that the factors of influencing yam cookie aptitude were in older of yam powder, butter, sugar.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.497-505
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• 2011

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery is a newly emerging technique recently, with its many potential advantages in clinical practice. Cholecystectomy by Hybrid NOTES in this work, performed with single working channel endoscope in conjunction with a laparoscopic grasping forceps in dogs, is a "bridge" between laparoscopic procedure and pure NOTES. Three different approaches for cholecystectomy were carried out; transgastric, transcolonic and transvaginal. In all three approaches, abdominal opening was made by a 5 mm trocar, followed by making pneumoperitoneum of 4 mmHg with $CO_2$ insufflator. Transgastric cholecystectomy, single working channel endoscope was advanced to the peritoneal cavity through gastric incision in antral region made by endoscopic needle knife. Endoscope was retroflexed to visualize the gall bladder. Transcolonic access, incision for endoscopic entry was done at right ventral wall of descending colon, 15 cm inside from the anus. Incision in transvaginal access was made at right-ventral region, just caudal to the caudal tubercle. With the simple traction by the laparoscopic grasping forceps, good visualization of surgical field was obtained in all three groups. Cystic duct and artery were ligated with endoclips; for complete gall bladder dissection from liver, L-knife was used. Closure of incision sites were done in transgastric and transcolonic cholecystectomy by endoclips, not in transvaginal approach.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.577-610
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• 2014

Although service innovation is not a new concept, innovation research in general tends to focus on technological innovation by manufacturing firms. With this view, innovation studies focus on product(e.g., goods) and process(e.g., product systems) innovation, ignoring service innovation and its inherent opportunities. Since major economy has been transformed to service economy, service innovation is considered a new effective way to sustain and gain a competitive advantage. Service innovation is no longer regarded merely as a side activity to product innovation; it has become a main research topic in its own right, accompanied by an increasing focus on services. While the number of service innovation studies has increased dramatically in the past 30 years in international research, few studies have been performed in domestic studies because domestic service innovation research began from the middle of 2000. In addition, there are no comprehensive literature reviews describing the evolution of service innovation research in both international and domestic studies because of the heterogeneities of service industry and multidiscipline characteristics of service innovation studies. To bridge this research gap, the purpose of this paper is to perform an extensive literature review and synthesis to enable a critical review of extant research on service innovation and trace its evolution, which will establish a foundation for further studies. By reviewing 169 articles (136 international papers; 33 domestic papers) published between 2000 and 2014 (in past 15 years), primarily in leading service, innovation and management information systems journals, this study analyzes the progression of service innovation research according to the four aspects such as number of studies, topics, methodologies and target industries. Overall, the view of service innovation has evolved, from a complement of traditional product innovation to a multidimensional, all-encompassing concept that entails several functions, both within and outside the firms. The results showed that domestic research still stays at the formation phase of service innovation studies although international research is in the maturity or multidimensional phase. We found increasing recent activities pertaining to service innovation, resulting from the increasing interest in services innovation across various industries and the links of new topics to the service innovation concept in both international and domestic studies. However, the main focus of service innovation research showed a different propensity between international and domestic studies: the former mainly focuses on a much more diversified pattern, emphasizing the linkages between service innovation and business strategy while the latter mainly focuses on the service innovation process(system) and service design. In addition, there are many case studies in domestic studies while many empirical studies in international studies. Domestic studies should increases the understanding of the interplay between service innovation and product innovation within manufacturing firms. Furthermore, rather than focusing on intrinsic distinctions between service innovation and product innovation, researchers should strive to develop and conceptualize service innovation in domestics studies. The present research also provides useful implications for practitioners. First, this study contributes to expand the current understanding of service innovation research by performing an extensive literature review. Second, tracing and comparing the progression and trends of service innovation research between international and domestic studies, this study showed the similarities and differences between them, which provide practical guidance on future research directions and research agenda. Third, this study performed literature review establishing the analysis system in the initial stage and using them to analyze articles, which is leading to explain the research review of service innovation more systematically and objectively. Finally, this study suggests the domestic researchers their future interests and topics of service innovation research.