• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.87-98
• /
• 2015

As SPA brands are growing in Korean apparel markets, they are extending their well-established brands into new markets (i.e., SPA brand extensions). To investigate psychological mechanism underlying SPA brand extensions, this study conceptually proposed such consumer information processing of SPA brand extensions as (1) perception of similarity between SPA brand extensions and their original brands and (2) evaluations on the SPA brand extensions (i.e., attitude and purchase intent). For hypothetical SPA brand extensions (high, moderate and low similarity conditions), perceived similarity was measured by using a eye-tracker and evaluations were assessed by using a self-reported questionnaire. The results reveal that the amount of external information searching for SPA brand extensions was larger in the following order: moderate, low and high similarity conditions. The depth of SPA brand information processing was also deeper in the same order. Evaluations on SPA brand extensions were higher in high and moderate similarity conditions than in low similarity condition. The findings suggest that the evaluations are affected by perceived similarity and the amount of cognitive efforts in processing SPA brand extensions.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the image similarity and attribute recognition of the top 10 rated spa destinations (Chungnam Deoksan, Chungnam Dogo, Busan Dongrae, Daejeon Yuseong, Chungnam Asan, Gyeongbuk Bomun, Chungbuk Suanbo, Gyeongnam Jangyu, Chungnam Onyang, & Gyeongbol Bugok) in Korea based on the visits to these spa places by the customers. Research design, data, and methodology - The survey of this study was conducted on the visitors to the top 10 spa destinations in Korea from April 8 ~ April 21, 2017, and a total of 300 questionnaires were distributed. Of them, effective questionnaires used in the final study were a total of 241. In this study, empirical analysis was made through frequency analysis, factor analysis, and multidimensional scaling ALSCAL(spinning symmetry for image similarity and rectangle for attributes recognition) by using the Statistics Package SPSS 24.0. Results - According to the analysis result of spa destination image similarity, the stress level was 0.16453 and the level of the stress was good. Moreover, the coefficient of determination (RSQ) was, which had a description of each aspect of the spa destination, 0.79908. According to the results of attribute recognition, the stress value of 0.11805 represents a degree of conformity, and the coefficient of determination(RSQ) appeared at 0.98665. Therefore, the results of this analysis are that the similarities between spa destinations and the attribute recognition of the spa destinations is a suitable model that is properly expressed in two dimensions. Conclusions - First, according to the analysis result of image similarity, Deoksan & Dogo spa revealed similar images, as well as the Dongrae and Yuseong spa, while on the contrary Asan, Bomun, Suanbo spa has different images from the rest. Second, according to the results of attribute recognition, Asan and Onyang spa has competitiveness in terms of accessibility to spa destination; Yuseong, Dongrae, Jangyu spa in terms of spa facilities, spa tourism conditions, and service & shopping conditions. while spa water quality and spa costs showed low attribute reflection for all 10 spas. Therefore, the spa visitors cannot recognize the differentiation of spa water quality and spa costs.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.219-224
• /
• 2020

In this paper, we studied the compact MIMO(: Multi-Input Multi-Output) antenna for multi-beam pattern generation and control in narrow space. The characteristics and performance of the basic Dipole SPA and Monopole SPA structures are shown. We implemented a monopole SPA antenna and measured its performance in an 802.11g system. When the average transmission rate was measured using the SPA antenna, the SPA antenna improved the best performance by 8.7 times compared to commercial antenna.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.11
• /
• pp.1490-1495
• /
• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of addition of sodium polyacrylate (SPA) to a phytasesupplemented diet on the performance and phosphorus (P) retention of chicks. In experiment 1, chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments which were fed from 7 to 21 days of age: i) basal diet (low nonphytate phosphorus (0.23% NPP)); ii) basal with 250 U/kg diet of phytase; iii) as (ii) with 2.5 g/kg diet of SPA; and iv) as (ii) with 5.0 g/kg diet of SPA. In experiment 2, three replicates, each with three chicks, were fed from 7 to 28 days of age the basal diet (0.23% NPP) with supplementation of phytase (0, 300, 600, 900 U/kg diet) and SPA (0, 2.5 g/kg diet) in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. In Experiment 1, feed efficiency was improved and excreted P was 10% less with phytase supplementation. However, the addition of SPA did not affect performance or P excretion. Dietary SPA supplementation to the diets showed significantly higher amounts of P retention, and highest values were observed in chicks fed 2.5 g/kg of the SPA-supplemented diet. In Experiment 2, feed efficiency was improved with phytase supplementation, and the addition of SPA showed significant improvement in feed efficiency. Excreted P was significantly lower in chicks fed SPA-supplemented diets, and the retained P coefficient improved with SPA supplementation. In conclusion, the increased transit time of digesta with suitable supplementation levels of SPA may allow phytase activity to be more effective in the degradation of phytate, and improve P retention.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.159-178
• /
• 2009

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the importance-performance levels for the selection attributes of spa destination and to analyze the gap between importance levels of the selection attributes. The data were collected from the spa visitors to Yuseong spa complex. The findings of the current study were as belows: 1. as the results of factor analysis of 32 selection attributes, five factors were generated, such as "spa and supporting facilities", "surrounding conditions around spa resort", "friendship and the intention of recommendation", "spa water" and "fees of spa entry". 2. the mean analysis showed the statistically significant difference among the selection attributes for importance-performance levels and the mean levels of five factors were rank-ordered as in "spa and supporting facilities", "friendship and the intention of recommendation", "fees of spa entry", and "surrounding conditions around spa resort", "spa water". 3. as the results of IPA, the selection attributes were distributed as belows: 9 attributes were located in I (Keep up the Good Work), 4 attributes were located in II (Possible Overkill), 7 attributes were located in III (Concentrate Here). and 12 attributes were located in IV (Low Priority).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.65-70
• /
• 2003

In this paper, we propose a scalar multiplication method and its hardware architecture which is resistant to SPA while its computation speed is faster than Colon's. There were SPA-resistant scalar multiplication method which has performance problem. Due to this reason, the research about an efficient SPA-resistant scalar multiplication is one of important topics. The proposed architecture resists to SPA and is faster than Colon's method under the assumption that Colon's and the proposed method use same fmite field arithmetic units(multiplier and inverter). With n-bit scalar multiple, the computation cycle of the proposed is 2n·(Inversion cycle)+3(Aultiplication cycle).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.851-862
• /
• 2007

The main reason of environmental pollution and destruction due to an indiscreet development of spa is the law of spa in use. According to the law of spa, the water of spa is ordained not mineral component and its efficacy but water temperature of over $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore this research was to analyze the differences between traditional spa and newly-established spa based on heat flow, geological rock, and fault relating to spa in order to call attention to a revision of the law of spa. According to the results, the location of the traditional spas was in accord with places which are Pohang, Bugok, Dongrae and Haeundae-gu of Busan, Uljin, Chungju, Usung-gu of Daejeon, Yesan, Asan, and Ichon. The heat flow of these places is over 67mW/m2 that is an average of South Korea. Relating to a fault, 92.3% of the traditional spas concurs with a fault and 33.5% of newly-established spa is in accord with a fault. 58.2% of the traditional spas and 42.7% of the newly-established spa are consistent with the granite.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.98-104
• /
• 2009

Phylogenetic relationships of Hypsizygus mamoreus and Lyophyllum decastes artificial cultivated using ITS sequences and RAPD polymorphism have been analyzed. Based on ITS region sequences of 14 strains, we could divide into 2 group as group1 to Hypsizygus mamoreus and the control isolated group2 to Lyophyllum decastes were identified as the same species. Restrict analysis of rDNA ITS region which was amplified by PCR, 14 collected strains could be classified into 4 clusters. There was approximately 58% genetic similarity between cluster I(SPA 100, 101, 102) and cluster II(SPA 200, 208 and SPA 201, 202), 41% between cluster III(SPA 104, 103, 203) and cluster IV(SPA 204, 206, 207, 205) by BLAST analysis. RAPD polymorphisms were used to analyze the species diversity of artificially cultivated Lyophyllum decastes SPA 202. As a result, similarity between SPA 202 and SPA 203 was 75%, at the same time, similarity between SPA 202 and Pleurotus eryngii SPA 103 and SPA 104 was 65%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.190-203
• /
• 2015

The fashion industry has been rearranged by Global SPA brands (like ZARA and H&M), which are powerful retailers that integrate the value chain ranging from manufacturing to sales. SPA brands can offer good quality of clothing at a reasonable price by cutting the margin between the supply chain. They are also called fast fashions since they make expedited efforts to respond to market trends and consumers. Despite the slow growth of the fashion industry in Korea, as global SPA brands rapidly expand market share, traditional fashion companies have launched several SPA brands such as MIXXO and SPAO (E-LAND), 8SECONDS (CHEIL INDUSTRIES). The few academic studies on this subject are focused on the analysis of secondary data such as news and books. The current research is qualitative and empirical attempts to explore the success factor of SPA brands with analysis of 1:1 in-depth interviews with experts who have worked for global SPAs such as Uniqlo, H&M, and ZARA, based on the grounded theory. The main phenomenon was shown to be that global SPA brands were popular since they offer a variety of products with a large assortment at reasonable and cheap prices in a large scale and multifunctional retail store. Most of them displayed main phenomena that can be realized due to the purchasing cycle of clothing that is shorter with consumers' regarding clothing as consumables. Global SPA brands had three types of marketing strategy: sellable product, sales strategy according to consumer response, and multifunctional stores. Each global SPA brand developed marketing strategies based on core competency and national conditions. The three success factors shorten the consumer decision making process of clothing. This study concludes with implications for practitioners of SPA brands born in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.23 no.10
• /
• pp.1137-1144
• /
• 2012

In this paper, a 2.6 GHz switched parasitic array(SPA) antenna is designed to resolve the device interference in the femtocell. The designed SPA antenna structure consists of a central ${\lambda}/4$ monopole antenna as a radiator and surrounding four parasitic elements operating as a reflector or a director depending on the switching state. In addition, open state monopoles around the parasitic elements are placed to improve the directivity. The designed antenna utilizes RF FETs as switching elements instead of conventional PIN diodes, which enables beam steering with a simple structure consuming low power. To select the proper FET switch, the performance of the SPA antenna depending on the switch characteristics is analyzed. The fabricated antenna has 65 mm radius and 35 mm height, which shows about 15 dB front-back-ratio(FBR) at 2.6 GHz and enables eight-directional beam steering.